• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.189-197
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• 2007

Low glycemic index (GI) foods have been reported to be very important in the control of blood glucose levels in diseases such as diabetes mellitus and obesity, which are becoming more prevalent in Korea. Bread consumption at breakfast and as a snack is also on the rise. To provide low GI alternatives, breads supplemented with dietary fibers-fructooligosaccharide (FOS), ground whole rye, and 2 types of resistance starch (RS2 and RS4)-were developed. The GIs for these breads were evaluated with 13 healthy college students (M6, F7) and sensory tests were done. Four kinds of breads were made through the modification of a basic recipe for white bread (the control, B) as follows: for Bf, the entire amount of sugar was replaced with FOS. For Ryef, 50% of the white wheat flower was replaced with roughly ground wholerye (20 mesh: 12-20 mesh = 1 : 3) in addition to replacing sugar with FOS. For RS2f and RS4f, 20% of the white wheat flower was replaced with RS2 or RS4, in addition to replacing sugar with FOS. The overall preference score of Bf was similar to that of B, while those of Ryef, RS2f and RS4f were lower than that of B, but showed the acceptable degree of the overall preference. The glycemic indices of Ryef and RS2f were 46.1 and 45.9 respectively, which were significantly lower than the GI of B, 67.8. The GIs of Bf and RS4f were, however, 66.7 and 80.5 respectively, showing no significant difference compared to B. The glycemic loads for a 30 g serving were 9.5, 5.9, 6.2, 11.0 and 9.0 for B, Bf, Ryef, RS2f and RS4f, respectively. In conclusion, addition of RS2 or roughly ground whole rye to the dough formula significantly lowered the GI. Since the preferences shown for those two breads were acceptable, they may be recommended as a substitute for white bread fir persons who need blood glucose management. More studies on the bread making process are required to improve preference and acceptance. Although GI lowering effects for F and RS4 were not found in this study, further studies are needed to verify their effects.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.109-114
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• 2011

Atractylodis Rhizoma Alba is commonly used herbal medicine and it has been known that has immuno-regualtory effects and anti-cancer effects. The inhibition of osteoclastogenesis is essential for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of Atractylodis Rhizoma Alba on osteoclast differentiation in vitro and on resorbing activity of osteoclast. Osteoclast formation was evaluated in bone marrow cells (BMC) in the presence or absence of Atractylodis Rhizoma Alba. The expression of c-fos, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), OSCAR, DC-STAMP, cathepsin K, MafB and NFATc1 mRNA in osteoclast precursor were assessed by RT-PCR. The levels of TNF receptor-associated factor-6 (TRAF-6), c-fos and NFATc1 protein were assessed by Western blot analysis. Also the correlation with MAPKs and NF-${\kappa}B$ pathways were measured by using Western blot analysis. With bone resorption study, I tried to evaluate the inhibitory effects of Atractylodis Rhizoma Alba on mature osteoclast function. Atractylodis Rhizoma Alba inhibited the RANKL induced osteoclastic differentiation from bone marrow macrophage in a dose dependant manner without cellular toxicity. Gene expression of c-fos and NFATc1 was significantly down regulated with Atractylodis Rhizoma Alba treatment. Atractylodis Rhizoma Alba markedly inhibited the RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis through suppression of nuclear factor kappa b (NF-${\kappa}B$) pathway, down stream pathway of p38, ERK and JNK pathway. Taken together, I concluded that Atractylodis Rhizoma Alba have beneficial effect on osteoporosis by inhibition of osteoclast differentiation and by inhibition of functioning osteoclast. Thus I expect that Atractylodis Rhizoma Alba could be a treatment option for osteoporosis.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.535-538
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• 2006

In our previous studies, we have observed that curcumin and momordin I isolated from Ampelopsis radix inhibit the formation of Fos-Jun-activation protein-1 (AP-1) DNA complex. We have screened more effective compounds which have a 5-membered ring framework like momordin I and have modified disaccharide or carboxylic acid portions in momordin I. We synthesized momordin I derivatives according to the published method with slight modification. Synthetic momordin I derivatives showed remarkable inhibitory activities on Fos-Jun-AP-1 DNA complex formation results in in vitro assays. The $IC_{50}$ values of momordin I derivatives were about 4.0 $\mu$M in an electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA). This value is about 125 times higher than that of curcumin and about 12 times higher than that for curcumin derivative C1, and moreover about 30 times higher than that for momordin I. We found momordin I derivatives (a) and (b) are the strongest inhibitory compound for Fos-Jun-AP-1 DNA complex formation.

• 대한한방소아과학회지
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.30-45
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• 2012

Objectives The suppressive effect of CSBHT has been mysterious. Thus, the present study is designed to investigate the suppressive effect and its mechanism. Methods To investigate the anti-allergy effect from ChungShimBoHyeolTang(CSBHT), RBL-2H3 cell was used and examined by Real-Time PCR, and IL-4 and IL-13 from RBL-2H3 was examined by ELIS. In addition, GATA-1, GATA-2, NFAT-1, NFAT-2, c-Fos, c-Jun, NF-${\kappa}B$ p65 transcription factors of RBL-2H3 mast cell were examined by Western Blotting. Also, OVA/alum-sensitized mice were orally administrated CSBHT and serum OVA-specific IgE production, IL-4, and IL-13 production in splenocytes supernatant were examined. Results As a result of treating with CSBHT extract, RBL-2H3 mast cells significantly suppressed the IL-4 and IL-13 mRNA expression and IL-4 and IL-13 production. Western blot analysis of transcription factors involving IL-4 and IL-13 expression also revealed a prominent decreases of mast cell's specific transcription factors including GATA-1, GATA-2, NFAT-1, NFAT-2, c-Fos, and NF-${\kappa}B$ p65. Also, examining the mice, administration of CSBHT suppressed the amount of OVA-specific IgE in OVA/alum-sensitized mice and IL-4 and IL-13 production in splenocytes supernatant. Conclusions The study suggested that the anti-allergic activities of CSBHT suppresses IL-4 and IL-13 production from the Th2 cytokines by suppressing transcription factors as GATA-1, GATA-2, NFAT-1, NFAT-2, c-Fos and NF-${\kappa}B$ p65 in mast cells.

• BMB Reports
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• 제45권3호
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• pp.171-176
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• 2012

Receptor activator of NF-${\kappa}B$ ligand (RANKL) triggers the differentiation of bone marrow-derived monocyte/macrophage precursor cells (BMMs) of hematopoietic origin into osteoclasts through the activation of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases and transcription factors. Recently, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidant enzymes were shown to be closely associated with RANKL-mediated osteoclast differentiation. Although glutaredoxin2 (Glrx2) plays a role in cellular redox homeostasis, its role in RANKL-mediated osteoclastogenesis is unclear. We found that Glrx2 isoform b (Glrx2b) expression is induced during RANKLmediated osteoclastogenesis. Over-expression of Glrx2b strongly enhanced RANKL- mediated osteoclastogenesis. In addition, Glrx2b-transduced BMMs enhanced the expression of key transcription factors c-Fos and NFATc1, but pre-treatment with SB203580, a p38-specific inhibitor, completely blocked this enhancement. Conversely, down-regulation of Glrx2b decreased RANKL- mediated osteoclastogenesis and the expression of c-Fos and NFATc1 proteins. Also, Glrx2b down-regulation attenuated the RANKL-induced activation of p38. Taken together, these results suggest that Glrx2b enhances RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis via p38 activation.

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.66-78
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• 2010

Background: Peripheral nerve injuries are a commonly-encountered clinical problem and often result in a chronic pain and severe functional deficits. Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of acupuncture on the descending pain and the recovery of the locomotor function that follows sciatic crushed nerve injury in rats. Method: In order to assess the effects of acupuncture on the descending pain and functional recovery, we investigated the walking track analysis, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and its receptor tyrosine receptor kinase B (TrkB) expression in the sciatic nerve, and on the expressions of c-Fos and nitric oxide synthase in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus and in the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (vlPAG) region resulting from sciatic crushed nerve injury in rats. Results: Acupuncture treatment at Huantiao (GB30), Yanglingquan (GB34), and Weizhong (BL40) facilitated functional recovery. C-Fos and nitric oxide synthase expressions in the brain and BDNF and TrkB expressions in the sciatic nerve were decreased by acupuncture treatment. The most potent effects of acupuncture were observed at the GB30 acupoint. Conclusion: It is possible that acupuncture can be used for pain control and functional recovery from sciatic nerve injury.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.58-63
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• 2003

Ginseng has been recommended to alleviate the menopausal symptoms, which indicates that components of ginseng very likely contain estrogenic activity. We have examined the possibility that a component of Panax ginseng, $ginsenoside-R_{b1}$ acts by binding to estrogen receptor. We have investigated the estrogenic activity of $ginsenoside-R_{b1}$ in a transient transfection system using estrogen-responsive luciferase plasmids in MCF-7 cells. $ginsenoside-R_{b1}$ activated the transcription of the estrogen-responsive luciferase reporter gene in MCF-7 breast cancer cells at a concentration of 50 $\mu$M. Activation was inhibited by the specific estrogen receptor antagonist ICI 182,780, indicating that the estrogenic effect of $ginsenoside-R_{b1}$ is estrogen receptor dependent. Next, we evaluated the ability of $ginsenoside-R_{b1}$ to induce the estrogen-responsive gene c-fos by semi-quantitative RT-PCR assays and Western analyses. $ginsenoside-R_{b1}$ increased c-fos both at mRNA and protein levels. However, $ginsenoside-R_{b1}$ failed to activate the glucocorticoid receptor, the retinoic acid receptor, or the androgen receptor in CV-1 cells transiently transfected with the corresponding steroid hormone receptors and hormone responsive reporter plasmids. These data support our hypothesis that $ginsenoside-R_{b1}$ acts a weak phytoestrogen, presumably by binding and activating the estrogen receptor.

• 대한약침학회지
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.53-61
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• 2004

Substantial evidence suggests that behavioral and reinforcing effects of cocaine can be mediated by the mesolimbic dopaminergic system. It has been shown that repeated injections of cocaine produce increase in locomotor activity, expression of the immediate-early gene, c-fos in the nucleus accumbens (NAc), which was one of the main dopaminergic terminal areas. Herbal-acupuncture as a therapeutic intervention has been widely used for the treatment of many functional disorders such as drug abuse. Coptidis Rhizoma (CR) and its main component, berberine (BER) were selected as herbal medicine of herbal-acupuncture. Both medicines have been known to have the therapeutic effect on the central nervous system. In order to investigate the effects of CR and BER herbalacupuncture at shenmen (HT7) point (CR/H and BER/H) on the cocaine-induced behavioral sensitization, the influence of CR/H and BER/H on repeated cocaine-induced locomotor activity, the change of c-Fos expression in the brain by immunohistochemistry were examined. Male SD rats were given CR/H (0.4mg/kg) and BER/H (0.1mg/kg) 30 min before daily injections of cocaine hydrochloride (15mg/kg. i.p.) 10 days. After 3 days withdrawal, rats received a challenge injection of cocaine (15mg/kg, i.p.). Systemic challenge with cocaine produced much larger increased locomotor activity, accumbal Fos-like immunoreactivity in the NAc. Pretreatment with CR/H and BER/H significantly inhibited cocaine-induced locomotor activity, the change of c-Fos expression in the rats. Our data demonstrated that the inhibitory effects of cocaine-induced behavioral sensitization by CR/H and BER/H were closely associated with the reduction of presynaptic dopamine release in the NAc. These results suggest that CR/H and BER/H can be effectively applied to cocaine addiction.

• BMB Reports
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• 제56권10호
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• pp.551-556
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• 2023

Ginsenosides, among the most active components of ginseng, exhibit several therapeutic effects against cancer, diabetes, and other metabolic diseases. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the anti-osteoporotic activity of ginsenoside Rg2, a major ginsenoside, has not been clearly elucidated. This study aimed to determine the effects of ginsenoside Rg2 on receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclast formation. Results indicate that ginsenoside Rg2 inhibits RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation of bone marrow macrophages (BMMs) without cytotoxicity. Pretreatment with ginsenoside Rg2 significantly reduced the RANKL-induced gene expression of c-fos and nuclear factor of activated T-cells (Nfatc1), as well as osteoclast-specific markers tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP, Acp5) and osteoclast-associated receptor (Oscar). Moreover, RANKL-induced phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) was decreased by ginsenoside Rg2 in BMM. Therefore, we suggest that ginsenoside Rg2 suppresses RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation through the regulation of MAPK signaling-mediated osteoclast markers and could be developed as a therapeutic drug for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제44권4호
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• pp.532-539
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• 2015

파골세포의 분화에 대한 시금치 추출물의 영향을 확인하고자 RANKL을 처리한 RAW264.7 세포에서 세포독성, TRAP(+) 다핵세포의 형성, 파골세포 분화 관련 유전자의 발현, 그리고 단백질 발현을 확인하였다. 물과 25, 50, 75 및 100% 에탄올 시금치 추출물의 세포독성을 측정한 결과 모든 추출물들이 $100{\mu}g/mL$ 이하의 농도에서 RAW264.7 세포에 독성을 유발하지 않았다. TRAP 염색을 통해 TRAP(+) 다핵세포의 수와 효소 활성을 측정한 결과 물 추출물을 제외한 모든 추출물이 대조군에 비해 분화 억제 및 효소 활성 저해 효과가 있었다. 특히 $100{\mu}g/mL$ 농도의 100% 에탄올 추출물은 RANKL만 처리한 대조군과 비교해 80%의 유의한 TRAP(+) 다핵세포 숫자 감소와 44%의 TRAP 효소 활성 저해율을 보였다. 시금치 에탄올 추출물은 RANKL에 의한 파골세포 분화의 지표가 되는 관련유전자인 NFAT, c-FOS, cathepsin K 및 TRAP의 발현을 억제하였다. 또한 단백질 수준에서 시금치 에탄올 추출물은 RANKL에 의해 증가된 NFATc1의 발현을 현저히 감소시키는 것으로 확인되었고, 또한 c-FOS의 활성화 형태인 인산화된 c-FOS의 발현뿐만 아니라 인산화되지 않은 비활성의 c-FOS 발현도 감소시켰다. 반면 파골세포의 분화에 직간접적인 영향을 미친다고 알려진 MAPK 중 ERK의 활성에는 거의 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 보아 시금치 에탄올 추출물은 c-FOS의 활성, 비활성형 전체를 감소시킴으로 파골세포 분화를 감소시키는 것으로 확인되었다.