• Archives of design research
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.95-103
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• 1998

During design thinking and developing, its idea into the real world, and we are under pattern recognition and gestalt principles of perceptual organization. Generally originality is a part of creativity which consists an integral factor of the designing. This is a study on the measure system for an ability of originality in design. It is reorganized that the OTLD(Originality Test of Line Drawing) is a measuring system for personal originality. In order to catch the development the thoughts, we presented 10 picture planes as stimuli (each picture plane contained 3-18 dots), recorded the tape displaying eye-mark trajectories and outputting the trajectories with EMR(Eye Mark Recorder), then found the process of visual sensation and perception. From the results of this study, we examined the relationships between connections and complexity of the objects on the picture plane, which could be transformed into some objective measuring parameters. We would suggest this OLTD as a measurement system for an ability of originality in design fields, but we couldn't find any reliability and validity for fine art fields.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.66-79
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• 2014

Unlike other body arts, body painting illuminates the value of art using eco-friendly formative activity and natural environment and highlights the need of eco-friendly activity. However, although body painting has focused on forming right relationship between human beings and nature, there are few researches which are linked with nature art. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to argue the need to study body painting as nature art in connection with natural environment and analyze body painting according to nature art types. The study methods included both theoretical review and empirical review. The theoretical review examined the concept and characteristics of nature art through previous researches and literature and the empirical review looked into the types and works of nature art and applied them to body painting works. The results were as follows. First, an installation type was possible by arranging and attaching certain materials to the body. Second, a physical type was possible by representing body itself as the part of nature. Third, a symbolic type was possible by making body appearance as a some symbol based on artist's idea. Fourth, a sound type was possible by stimulating auditory hallucination using the nature of objects and sensing a sound. Fifth, an ecological type was possible by conveying the message of living things in nature to the body. Sixth, an interior type was possible by inducing indoor installation of works. Seventh, a poetic type was possible by making one feel a poetic inspiration expressed in nature using the mystery of the sea and a simple sequential pattern of floral leaves. Eighth, a drawing type was possible by adding artist's intentional hand with a pictorical technique. Ninth, a indigenous type was possible by reproducing South American indian's primitive style. The review of this study suggests that body painting works have been expressed in experimental and temporary arrangement like nature art in nature and can be applied according to nine types of nature art.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.70-85
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• 2004

Objective: To research the trends of study related to rhinitis and acupuncture in PubMed, and to establish the hereafter direction of treating rhinitis with acupuncture Methods: We searched PubMed and chinese medical journals related to rhinitis and acupuncture. Results: 1. The pattern of the study was as follows: Review article(3), Randomized controlled trials(2), Clinical trial(11), Case report(12). 2. The effect of acupuncture on rhinitis is reported as follows: Acupucture treatment improves the scale of symptoms, nasal airways resistance and velocity of the mucociliary transport, decreasing absolute numbers of blood eosinophils, serum IgE and percentage of nasal eosinophils. Immunologically acupuncture treatment could reduce plasma IL-10 level, control IL-2, and balance between cell-specific pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines, TNF-${\alpha}$ and IL-10. After acupuncture treatment, there is statistically significant changes in IgA, IgE, E-rosette formative rate. 3. Many of these article have affirmative view for therapeutic effect of rhinitis with acupuncture. Statistical test was done only in 6 papers. There showed statically significant results in 4 articles, and in 2 article there showed some clinical improvement but no statically significant changes. 4. In Western countries, alternative treatments are frequent among adults with rhinitis or other allergic disease, and affirmative tendency for acupuncture treatment is increased.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.24
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• pp.157-176
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• 1995

The purpose of this treatise is to study external form and internal meaning of minimal expression fashion which appeared as a major stream in modern fashion trends to understand one aspect of modernism in fashion and also to gain insight into internal value of human beings through fashion. The results can be summarized as follows : Firstly , minimalism is a trend in art attempting to seek essence of the object by presenting simple and disciplined expressions by minimal formative means and minimal production process. Secondly, minimal expression in fashion means seeking simplicity an dpurity by using minimum design elements and minimal productive process. Thirdly, external from of minimal expression fashion can be created through application of following minimal expression techniques. 1. Minimal expression techniques in terms of line mean smooth curve flowing along body contours, straight lines of diagonal lines into desciplined silhouette or rendering internal contour lines. 2. Minimum expression techniques in terms of forms mean forms of smooth curves flowing along boyd or forms with simple geometric forms from qualitative aspects, In terms of volume it means quest for essence of pure body itself by revealing body as it is by minimizing the size of dress or its area and herein is contained using simple geometric pattern or utilizing textiles without any patterns.3. Minimal expression techniques by colors mean simple colors such as primary colors, colors without clear distinctions or natural colors and in terms of quantity it means quest for one color within one item of dress or combination of each items when getting dressed. 4. Minimal expression techniques in terms of fabrics mean fabrics with simple surfaced. In terms of quantity it means quest for essence of tight fitting thin textiles to human body or using transparent materials to human body thus exposing body contours as it is. 5. Minimal expression techniques in terms of productive process mean minimizing process of tailoring , sewing or ornamenting and seeking for simplicity and purity. 6. Minimal expression techniques in terms of manufacturing process mean selection of technique conveying simple image with disciplined simple image. Fourthly, minimal expression fashion with external expression as mentioned in the above lay body-priority style and its internal meaning can be asummed as quest for essence and purity of human body.

• BMB Reports
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• v.53 no.3
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• pp.160-165
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• 2020

The root meristem of Arabidopsis thaliana is protected by the root cap, the size of which is tightly regulated by the balance between the formative cell divisions and the dispersal of the outermost cells. We isolated an enhancer-tagged dominant mutant displaying the short and twisted root by the overexpression of ZINC-FINGER OF ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA1 (ZAT1) encoding an EAR motif-containing zinc-finger protein. The growth inhibition by ZAT1 was shared by ZAT4 and ZAT9, the ZAT1 homologues. The ZAT1 promoter was specifically active in the outermost cells of the root cap, in which ZAT1-GFP was localized when expressed by the ZAT1 promoter. The outermost cell-specific expression pattern of ZAT1 was not altered in the sombrero (smb) or smb bearskin1 (brn1) brn2 accumulating additional root-cap layers. In contrast, ZAT4-GFP and ZAT9-GFP fusion proteins were distributed to the inner root-cap cells in addition to the outermost cells where ZAT4 and ZAT9 promoters were active. Overexpression of ZAT1 induced the ectopic expression of PUTATIVE ASPARTIC PROTEASE3 involved in the programmed cell death. The EAR motif was essential for the growth inhibition by ZAT1. These results suggest that the three related ZATs might regulate the maturation of the outermost cells of the root cap.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.60 no.6
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• pp.11-22
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• 2010

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to develop golf wear textile design, produce simulation and samples, and create original designs using geometric patterns. Significance: If modern people's trend to pursue well-being is be associated with healthy and active lifestyle and the design which combines a sport sense into artistic image appears in golf wear, it is a very significant effort to settle the role of sport as a mega trend. Contents: This study examined the general concept of geometric patterns and the situation and characteristics of women's golf wear. Finally, the design and simulation of gold wear textile were proposed. Study Instruments: For theoretical research, articles, books, literatures, and Internet materials published at home and abroad were reviewed and collected. For empirical research, a dot, a stripe(a line), a square, and an oval were selected and simulation was tested visually after the development of textile designs. Finally it was directly produced and golf wear design was developed. Photoshop CS 3 and Wacom intuos 3 were used as a general-purpose program and hardware respectively. DTP printing was used for sample work. Based on research results, geometric patterns range broadly and diversely from prehistoric remains and relics to contemporary art, design, architecture, and fashion. It is a unique formative element with value and attraction as the infinite object of inquiry beyond an area and the times. The combination of geometric patterns with art touch could complement the rigidity of design. It contributed to the perception of important role of art in the design area, namely, the importance of design containing artistry.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.1 no.4
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• pp.349-357
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to examine how deconstruction, which currently had a great deal of influence on fashion, was actually accepted in view of fashion form or material. In order to track the tendency of deconstructional fashion, an attempt to find out what deconstructional methods were used in fashion design for each formative element was made by looking into earlier studies. Then an analysis was made over the recent fashion magazines. As a result of analyzing four fashion magazines, the most distinctive feature was found to be the use of seethrough cloth. In addition, unsymmetrical form also was immensely used. The next most frequently appeared form was layering, followed by slash or making a hole, lingerie look, padded cloth, indeterminate form, wrinkled cloth and patchworked cloth in the order named. The dominant layering style, the most widely used deconstructional fashion, was that inner cloth could be seen through outer seethrough cloth. The most frequently employed deconstructional cloth was seethrough cloth. Rather than complete seethrough cloth, the shape of lace, net or pattern was employed largely, in which the body could be partially hidden. The most largely used deconstructional method was a slash or making a hole. Most slashes appeared on the front part of the body, to which seethrough stuff was attached in many cases. Based on the above mentional finding. 10 kinds of deconstructional design were proposed for each method.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.61 no.6
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• pp.113-130
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• 2011

Post-Modern Multiculturalism is spreading in many ways and other cultural interest has led to the Latin American culture, which has steadily appeared as the main fashion concept of the international collection. Frida Kahlo(1907-1954), a representative of Latin American culture and a Mexican female surrealistic painter, who gives us some inspiration for contemporary fashion design. The purpose of this study is to have a correct understanding of and research on Latin American culture and to expand the expression of fashion design. In the process, this article examines the costume of Mexico belong to the Indio culture which had been regarded as the Other for a long time and understands Frida Kahlo's fashion style: Tehuanas costume and her masculine style. The Tehuanas costume is a traditional style of the city, Tehuantepec, located in the southeast of Mexico, which is characterized by colorful floral patterns and a long skirt. Three fashion concepts were derived from her fashion style: tradition & modern, love & farewell, and masculine & feminine. The scope of this study investigates the Haute Couture and the Pret-a-porter women's wear collections and photos from 1998 to 2010 in Europe, USA and South America. From classifying the collected photos into each concept, three styles such as ethnic, romantic and androgynous style were derived. These fashion styles were analyzed through the formative elements of dress, color, silhouette, pattern, material and clothing construction in order to figure out how costumes of other cultures influenced on contemporary fashion. As a design inspiration, Frida Kahlo extends her influence into innerwear, accessories and hairstyles, as well as women's wear. These inspirations emerge steadily from the past and far into the future as an expression of a fashion design concept.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.58 no.6
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• pp.1-11
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to investigate how formativeness of shamanism has expressed and developed in modern fashion. Formative expression of shamanism in modern fashion has expressed in the way of on style, color, material and pattern as follows; Style has made animal and human incorporated by expressing abstract animal on the part or whole of costume and it has reconstructed traditional shaman costume into modern costume. Skin colors of living bodies which exist in nature, such as black, blown, yellow and grey, were used to symbolize spirit and low brightness of colors such as blue, white and black were also used to symbolize hyperspace. Artificial materials which imitate animal figure and genuine materials from animal were used. Various natural materials used in traditional shaman costume were also used. Animal patterns and abstract patterns symbolizing the celestial heaven and lower world, and patterns shown on wall painting and rock painting has appeared. The meaning of shamanism in modern fashion can be identified as interchangeable movement of time and space, a cosmic outlook on the world and ration. Spiritually designed costume has made fashion move to hyperspace in spirit trip. Modern fashion with shamanism has expressed its cosmic outlook on the world or universal wish beyond human's real world by patterns such as bird figure which means the celestial heaven and lower world. Corporation and transition of human and animal were symbolized as shaman hypernatural intercourse with designs expressed in costume using a part of animal or animal's characteristics.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.30-37
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• 2010

Dutch artist, Theo van Doesburg had shown short but strong experimental aesthetics in his works through De Stijl movement. He played a leading role for editing De Stijl magazine and performed various formative works such as painting, sculpture, and architecture. In 1923 he opened the first De Stijl exhibition cooperated with Cornelis van Eesteren. In this architecture exhibition he showed rich formal spirits of counter-construction in his major design works, that is Maison Particuliere and Maison D'artiste among three houses projects. Formal characteristics of counter-construction can be summed up under two categories, time and space. Analytical results are as follows; First, the characteristics of counter-construction related to time category include two types of two mode. One is linear aspect of time based on the viewer's movement. The other aspect is simultaneity caused by synoptical effect. These could be proved by the analysis of arrangement of color planes. Secondly, the spatial aspects of counter-construction are produced through two different ways of formal strategies. Van Doesburg arranged cubes in very irregular pattern. This treatment induces ambiguous void and creates feeling of subject's space. And, through deleting, shifting, and extending he could make dynamic spatial effect by interpenetration between in and out. This fluid space thus introduces movements of one's gaze and circulation. He denied traditional classical values which had ruled the western aesthetical discipline for centuries and believed that mankind can reach the realm of universal equilibrium by contrast and tension created by counter-construction. In this vein Theo van Doesburg was an avant-garde artist of Hegelian thoughts who adopted the dialectical method without following the formal characteristics from ancestors.