• 자원리싸이클링
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.63-67
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• 2018

자유에너지는 물질의 상대적인 안정도를 나타낸다. 수용액에 존재하는 이온의 종류는 다양하고 실험조건이 광범위하므로 열역학 자료가 부족하다. 이온의 표준생성엔탈피와 엔트로피로부터 표준수화엔탈피와 표준수화엔트로피의 절대값과 상대값을 구하는 방법을 설명하였다. 또한 대응원리를 이용하여 고온에서 열역학 자료를 추산하는 방법을 설명하였다.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제15권9호
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• pp.724-729
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• 1994

The effect of oxygen for the HF chemical laser performance has been theoretically investigated. Due to the inhibition mechanism of $O_2$ in $H_2$/$F_2$ chain reaction, the rate for the formation of HF is reduced by the addition of $O_2$. As the concentration of $O_2$ in the reaction mixture increases, the pulse power and temperature of the system becomes lower, while total output energy does not change significantly. But addition of $O_2$ makes the system easy to be controlled and the composition of $H_2$+$F_2$ can be high at constant total pressure. With this system, it is possible to obtain higher output energy than oxygen free environment.

• 한국정보통신학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국해양정보통신학회 2001년도 춘계종합학술대회
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• pp.349-352
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• 2001

본 논문은 기가 SRAM급 이상의 초고집적을- 위한 0.1$\mu\textrm{m}$의 설계치수를 갖는 MOSFET의 게이트 영역에서 활성 부분의 면저항을 감소시키기 위해 n영역으로 비소를 이온 주입하였다. 어닐링은 급속 열처리 공정 방법과 엑시머 레이져 어닐링 방법을 이용하였으며, 극히 얕은 접합의 형성이 가능하였다. 얕은 접합 형성 깊이는 10~20nm이며, 비소의 주입량은 2$\times$$10^{14}$ $\textrm{cm}^2$이고, 레이져는 엑시머이며 소스는 KrF로 파장은 248mm로 어닐링 하였다. 극히 얕은 P/N$^{+}$ 접합 깊이가 15nm이며, 이때 1k$\Omega$/$\square$의 낮은 면저항 특성을 갖는 결과가 나타났다.

• 마이크로전자및패키징학회지
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.37-42
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• 2001

지금 까지 전자패키지 접합에 사용되어온 Sn/37Pb 솔더는 낮은 용융온도와 우수한 물리적 특성, 그리고 저렴한 가격 등으로 널리 사용되었다. 그러나 납의 독성으로 인한 환경문제와 인체 유해성이 문제화되면서 이를 대체할 무연솔더의 요구가 시급한 실정이다. 또한 제품의 소형화에 따른 접합부의 미세화로 인한 접합부신뢰성이 요구되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 현재 Sn/37Pb 솔더를 사용하여 제품에 사용되고 있는 48 $\mu$BGA 패키지를 사용하여 Sn/Ag 계열 의 두 무연솔더인 Sn/3.5Ag/0.75Cu와 Sn/2.0Ag/0.5Cu/2.0Bi를 접합하여 장기신뢰성을 시효처리를 통하여 제시하였다. 시효처리는 $130^{\circ}C$, $150^{\circ}C$, $170^{\circ}C$ 온도에서 각각 300, 600, 900 시간동안 하였으며, 시효처리에 따른 전단강도와 각 솔더의 활성화에너지를 구하여 Sn/37Pb 솔더와 비교하였다. 두 무연솔더의 시효강도는 Sn/37Pb 솔더 보다 우수하였으며, 시효처리에 따라 형성된 솔더내부의 금속간화합물의 형상으로부터 균열의 성장과 형성에 대하여 논하였다. 이런 실험결과들로부터 두 무연솔더의 장기신뢰성 측면에서 대체가능성을 제시하였다.

• Applied Science and Convergence Technology
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• 제27권5호
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• pp.90-94
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• 2018

The electron band structure of manganese-adsorbed graphene on an SiC(0001) substrate has been studied using angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy. Upon introducing manganese atoms, the conduction band of graphene, that is observed in pristine graphene indicating intrinsic electron-doping by the substrate, completely disappears and the valence band maximum is observed at 0.4 eV below Fermi energy. At the same time, the slope of the valence band decreases by the presence of manganese atoms, approaching the electron band structure calculated using the local density approximation method. The former provides experimental evidence of the formation of nearly free-standing graphene on an SiC substrate, concomitant with a metal-to-insulator transition. The latter suggests that its electronic correlations are efficiently screened, suggesting that the dielectric property of the substrate is modified by manganese atoms and indicating that electronic correlations in grpahene can also be tuned by foreign atoms. These results pave the way for promising device application using graphene that is semiconducting and charge neutral.

• 한국세라믹학회지
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• 제52권6호
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• pp.455-461
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• 2015

Porous ceramics with tailored pore size and shape are promising materials for the realization of a number of functional and structural properties. A novel method has been reported for the investigation of the role of SiC in the formation of $SiO_2$ foams by colloidal wet processing. Within a suitable pH range of 9.9 ~ 10.5 $SiO_2$, particles were partially hydrophobized using hexylamine as an amphiphile. Different mole ratios of the SiC solution were added to the surface modified $SiO_2$ suspension. The contact angle was found to be around $73^{\circ}$, with an adsorption free energy $6.8{\times}10^{-12}J$. The Laplace pressure of about 1.25 ~ 1.6 mPa was found to correspond to a wet foam stability of about 80 ~ 85%. The mechanical and thermal properties were analyzed for the sintered ceramics, with the highest compressive load observed at the mole ratio of 1:1.75. Hertzian indentations are used to evaluate the damage behavior under constrained loading conditions of $SiO_2$-SiC porous ceramics.

• 한국식품저장유통학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국식품저장유통학회 2003년도 제23차 추계총회 및 국제학술심포지움
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• pp.152-152
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• 2003

As utilization of radiation in medicine, industry and biochemical research increases, the protection against radiation damage has become an important issue. Natural products such as herbal medicines are beginning to receive attention as modifiers on the radiation response. In the present study, the protective effect of a herb, Menthae Herba, against radiation-induced DNA damage was evaluated using alkaline single-cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE; comet assay) in the mouse peripheral blood Iymphocytes and the micronucleus formation test in the Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. The tail moment, which was a marker of DNA damage in the SCGE, and the frequency of micronuclei was decreased in groups treated with Mentae Herba extract before exposure to 200 cGy of gamma-ray. We also confirmed its activities to scavenge DPPH and hydroxyl radicals. These experiments demonstrated that Menthae Herba was effective at reducing the radiation-induced damage of DNA and scavenging free radicals. It is plausible that scavenging of free radicals by Menthae Herba may have played an important role in providing the protection against the radiation-induced damage to the DNA. These results indicated that Menthae Herba might be a useful radioprotector and that radical scavenging appears to be one of the mechanisms of radiation protection.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.59-67
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• 1991

The reactions of semicarbazide hydrochloride with aliphatic and alicyclic ketones were studied kinetically at 15, 25, 35 and 45$^{\circ}C$ in 20% ethanol solution buffered at pH 2.9. The rate of cyclohexanone semicarbazone formation is 5.5 times as fast as that of cyclopentanone semicarbazone, while 3-pentanone semicarbazone is 4.7 times as slow as that of 2-pentanone, The activation energy of cyclohexanone, 2-pentanone, 2 hexanone, cyclopentanone, 4-methyl-2-pentanone and 3-pentanone semicarbazone formation are calculated 5.08, 7.52, 8.79, 9.59, 9.49, 11.59, respectively. It is concluded from the effect of ionic strength that the reaction is affected by not ion but neutral molecules being progressed hydrogen bond between oxygen atom of carbonyl group and hydrogen atom of acid-catalyst and concerted nucleophilic attack of free base on the carbonly compound. Dependence on pH of the rate of 2-pentanone semicarbozone formation is linear relationship below pH 4.60 and above pH 5.60. As a result of studing citric acid catalysis, second order constants increase linearly with citric acid concentration. As the catalyst concentration is varied from 0.025 to 0.10 mol/1 at pH 2.90, the rate constants increase 1.4 times, but slight increase is observed at pH 5.60. Conclusively, the rate-determining step is formation of tetrahedral interemediate below pH 4.65 and dehydration between pH 5.60 and pH 7.11. It is concluded that the formation reaction of cyclohexanone semicarbazone is faster than cyclopentanone semicarbazone due to the steric strain in the process of forming tetrahedral intermediate.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.1-6
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• 2015

Microwave assisted biodiesel production from crude Pongamia pinnata oil using homogeneous base catalyst (KOH) was unsuccessful because of considerable soap formation. Therefore, a two step process of biodiesel production from high free fatty acid (FFA) oil was investigated. In first step, crude P. pinnata oil was acid catalyzed using $H_2SO_4$ and acid value of oil was reduced to less than 4 mg KOH/g. Effect of sulfuric acid concentration, alcohol-oil molar ratio and microwave irradiation time on acid value of oil was studied. Result suggested that 1.5% $H_2SO_4$ (w/w), 6:1 methanol oil molar ratio and 3 min microwave irradiation time was sufficient to reduce the acid value of oil from 12 and 22 mg KOH/g to 2.9 and 3.9 mg/KOH/g, respectively. Oil obtained after pretreatment was subsequently used for microwave assisted alkali catalyzed transesterification. A higher biodiesel yield (99.0%) was achieved by adopting two step processes. Microwave energy efficiency during alkali catalyzed transesterification was also investigated. The results suggested a significant energy saving because of reduced reaction time under microwave heating.

• Rapid Communication in Photoscience
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• 제3권4호
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• pp.70-72
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• 2014

Visible-light irradiation of MeCN solution containing di(hydroxo)metallo(tetraphenyl)porphyrin complex $(tppM(OH)_2$: 1a; $M=Sb(V)^+Br^-$, 1b; $M=P(V)^+Cl^-$, 1c; M=Ge(IV)) and 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME) as a substrate under aerated condition gave bis(2-hydroxyethyl)disulfide (2-HEDS) as an oxidative product of 2-ME. It is indicated that the oxidation of 2-ME should proceed with a photocatalytic process by 1, because the turn over number (TON) for the formation of 2-HEDS was over unit. The TON was determined to be 642 as a maximum value when 1a was used as a sensitizer. The formation of 2-HDES was extremely slow under argon atmosphere. The fluorescence of 1 was not quenched by 2-ME at all, and the free energy change (${\Delta}G$) with electron transfer (ET) from 2-ME to excited triplet state of $1(^31^*)$ was estimated as a negative value. The quenching rate constant ($k_r$) of $^31^*$ by 2-ME, obtained by the kinetics for the formation of 2-HEDS, strongly depends on ${\Delta}G$. These findings indicate that 1-sensitized oxidation was initiated by photoinduced ET from 2-ME to $^31^*$ to generate both radical cation of 2-ME ($2-ME^{+\bulle}$) and porphyrin radical anion ($1^{-\bulle}$), resulting that the formation of 2-HEDS can be proceeded by the dimerization of $2-ME^{+\bulle}$, and through a catalytic cycle due to returning to 1 by the ET from $1^{-\bulle}$ to molecular oxygen.