• 한국영어학회지:영어학
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.83-102
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• 2004

The purpose of this paper is to find out some major characteristics of intermediate-advanced Korean learners' English by corpus- linguistically analyzing their essays in comparison with native speakers'. We construct a corpus of CBT TOEFL essays by Korean learners, NNS1 (94076 words in 402 texts), and its sub-corpus, NNS2 (14291 words in 45 texts), and then a corpus of model essays written or meticulously edited by native speakers, NS (14833 words in 35 texts). We compare NNS1 and NNS2 with NS, and with some other corpora, in terms of high-frequency words, and show that Korean learners' writings have more features of informal writing than those of formal writing, which is in accord with the reports in Granger (1998) that EFL writings by European advanced learners are characterized by informality.

• Journal of applied mathematics & informatics
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.783-798
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• 1999

Nondeterministic finite Rabin-Scott's automata without initial and final states (2 $\omega$-FA) are considered. In this paper they are used to define so called sets of obstruction used also in various alge-braic systems and to consider similar problems for the formal languages theory. Thus we define sets of obstructions of languages(or, rather, 2$\omega$-languages) of such automata. We obtain that each 2$\omega$-language defined by 2 $\omega$-FA has the set of obstruction being a regular language. And vice versa for each regular language L(containing no proper subword of its another word) there exists a 2$\omega$ -FA having L as the set of obstructions.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.99-118
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• 2002

In this paper, we propose a visual relational database query language, VRQL, by modifying and extending the recently proposed $VOQL^*$. Like $VOQL^*$, VRQL, based on ven Diagram and graph, naturally reflects the structure of schemas in queries and has recursive formal semantics. However, VRQL has relationally complete expressiveness, while $VOQL^*$ is only a conjunctive query language. In the logical definition part of VRQL, which is the relational version of $VOQL^*$, most features of $VOQL^*$ are retained, and the semantics of queries are based on the tuple relational calculus. In the procedural definition part of VRQL, by introducing the concept of VRQL view and set operations, the expressiveness of VRQL is increased to the level equivalent to that of the relational algebra. Due to the introduction of VRQL views, existing queries or temporary queries used in the process of creating queries can be represented with views, so that complex queries may be represented more conveniently. Set operations, used with VRQL views, enable us to represent various queries, beyond the expressiveness of conjunctive query languages.

• 한국영어학회지:영어학
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• 제2권4호
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• pp.575-587
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• 2002

In this paper we discuss the contrastive nature of formalism and functionalism in linguistics. Though the mainstreams of linguistic analysis have been focused on the form and function, they have been challenged from each other's strong points. On the one hand, the formal description has been studied in the tradition of generative grammar. On the other hand, the functional nature has played a crucial role in the framework of language use. It seems undesirable to argue that there is one-sided bias toward any type of linguistic approach. I try to present a balanced view of these two contrastive approaches. We also argue that there should be a cooperative work in developing the mutual growth of linguistic theory.

• 영어영문학
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• 제56권6호
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• pp.1163-1190
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• 2010

Korean EFL learners' stylistic sensitivity was examined through the two types of letter writing, professional and personal. The base of comparison with the English native speakers' stylistic sensitivity was the linguistic style markers that were statistically found by Biber's (1988) multi-dimensional model of variation of English language. The main finding was that Korean university students were sensitive to stylistic difference in the correct direction, though their linguistic repertoire was limited to the easy and simple linguistic features. Also, the learners were skewed in the involved style in both types of the letters unlike the native speakers and it was interpreted as due to the general developmental direction from informal to formal linguistic style. Learners were also skewed in the explicit style in both types of letters unlike the native speakers and it was interpreted as due to the learners' heavy reliance on one particular linguistic feature. As a whole, the learners' stylistic sensitivity heavily relied on the small number of linguistic features that they have already acquired, which happen to be simple and basic linguistic features.

• 영어어문교육
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• 제3호
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• pp.95-122
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• 1997

The purpose of this research was to investigate the effects of content and formal schema on reading comprehension. Five hundred fiftynine subjects from high school were assigned to one of the following levels and treatment conditions : (1) Higher level & Schema Activation, (2) Higher level & Non-schema Activation, (3) Lower level & Schema Activation, and (4) Lower level & Non-schema Activation. To evaluate the effects of schema activation. two experiments were conducted : one was related to the content schema and the other to the formal schema. To evaluate the effects of content schema, three different types of tests were conducted : (1) cloze test, (2) guessing the meanings of nonsense words, and (3) immediate recall test. To evaluate the effects of formal schema instruction, four kinds of tests were conducted : (1) sorting the sentences according to the importance, (2) identifying the signal words, (3) immediate recall test, and (4) identifying the specific information. For content schema condition, results indicated that the subjects given the titles or pictures before reading in "Content Schema Activation" treatment had better grades than those of the other treatment in all types of tests. regardless of their levels. Schema activation helped the subjects to increase the cognitive predictability of missing words and to participate in the tasks more actively with risk-taking. And it was also shown that good readers tend to process the words meaningfully, while poor readers tend to process the words phonetically or morphologically. Formal schema activation through teaching the text organization also had a significant influence on three types of tests: sorting the sentences according to the importance, identifying the signal words, and immediate recall test, but not on identifying the specific information. The implications from this study can be briefly noted as follows : (l) In teaching reading, the student's background knowledge should be activated as a pre-reading activity. (2) In reading, it is more important to emphasize the student's schema than the features of the text. (3) Various educational interventions should be introduced, especially for the lower level students. (4) Teaching text structures can be a powerful method for the top-down processing strategy.

• 지능정보연구
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.123-151
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• 2005

오늘날 자원의 보고라 할 수 있는 웹에는 자연어로 표현된 텍스트와 테이블들로 구성된 무수히 많은 문서들이 존재하고 있다. 이러한 웹 문서들로부터 규칙을 습득하고 습득된 규칙과 웹 문서간의 일관성을 유지하기 위해, 본 논문에서는 확장형 규칙 표식 언어 (extensible Rule Markup Language, XRML) 체계를 개발하였다. XRML은 웹 페이지에 내재되어 있는 규칙을 식별하여 자동으로 정형화된 규칙을 생성할 수 있도록 지원하는 규칙 식별 표식 언어 (Rule Identification Markup Language, XRML)와 구조화된 규칙 표현을 위한 규칙 구조 표식 언어 (Rule Structure Markup Language)로 구성된다. 특히, RIML은 HTML안에 내재되어 있는 규칙을 HTML 문서에 직접 명시할 수 있도록 설계되었기 때문에, RIML을 통해 웹페이지에 있는 규칙들을 식별하고 이 식별된 규칙은 RSML으로 표현된 정형화된 규칙으로 자동 변환될 수 있다. 본 논문에서는 RIML의 설계 시 웹페이지로부터 규칙을 식별하는 과정에서 발생하는 공유되는 변수 (variables) 및 값 (values),생략된 어구 ,동의어와 같은 몇 가지 중요한 현상들을 발견하고 이를 해결하고자 하였다. 제안된 XRML 접근 방법의 성능을 측정하고자, 3개의 대표적인 온라인 서점인 Amazon.com, BarnesandNoble.com, Powells.com의 실제 웹페이지들로부터 배송 및 환불과 관련된 규칙을 습득하여 XRML의 효과를 측정하는 실험을 수행하였다. 실험 결과에 따르면, 웹페이지로부터 규칙은 $97.7\%$의 매우 높은 정확성을 가지고 습득되었으며, 생성된 규칙의 완전성은 $88.5\%$로 측정되어, XRML이 특정 주제에 관한 전문가 시스템을 구축하기 위해 웹페이지로부터 규칙을 추출할 때 효율적인 도구가 될 수 있음이 예시되었다.

• 한국정보과학회논문지:데이타베이스
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.151-164
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• 2000

객체 데이타베이스를 위해 최근에 제안된 VOQL(Visual Object Query Language)은 경로식과 집합 관련 조건을 시각화하고 형식 시맨틱을 제공하는데 성공적이었다. 그러나 기존의 VOQL은 몇가지 문제들이 있다. VOQL에서는 집합 관련 조건만이 허용되고, 변수 개념을 위한 명시적인 언어 구문이 없어서 질의문들은 종종 어색하고 직관적이지 못하다. 본 논문에서는 이러한 문제들을 극복하도록 VOQL을 확장한 VOQL*를 제안한다. 시각변수 개념을 도입하고 이에 기초하여 VOQL의 문법과 시맨틱을 수정하였다. VOQL*의 언어 구문들은 OOPC의 문법을 반영하도록 조심스럽게 정의되어서, 시각변수, 시각요소, VOQL* 단순 텀(term), VOQL* 구조 텀, VOQL* 기본 포뮬라(formula), VOQL* 포뮬라, VOQL* 질의문 등의 VOQL* 구문들이 OOPC 구문들처럼 계층적이고 귀납적으로 구성되어 있다. 가장 중요한 것은 VOQL*의 각 구문의 시맨틱이 OOPC를 사용하여 재귀적 방법을 통한 형식 정의가 이루어진다는 점이다. 잘 정의된 문법과 시맨틱으로 말미암아, VOQL*의 질의문들은 명확하고 간결하고 직관적이다. 또한 VOQL* 질의문을 OOPC 질의문으로 번역하는 효과적인 절차를 제공한다. VOQL*는 로직의 문법적 구조를 반영하는 잘 정의된 문법과 귀납적 방법으로 형식 시맨틱을 제공하는 첫번째 시각 질의어이다.

• Child Studies in Asia-Pacific Contexts
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.133-144
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• 2012

Research has shown that mothers' attitudes towards early English language and literacy learning are important for children's English language development. Some researchers have indicated that in Taiwan most parents have a positive attitude towards English instruction and are motivated to teach English at home to their preschoolers. There is, however, little current data available to explain the motivations behind such parents' decisions to teach English to their child in the home before the commencement of formal schooling. We conducted a thematic analysis of the written survey responses of 263 Taiwanese mothers who explained why they taught their preschool children English at home. The findings indicate that English is highly valued for children's school readiness, future career opportunities, and because of its status as a global language. The mothers' motivations for teaching English include the desire to cultivate the child's interest, a belief in 'the earlier the better" for second language learning, and a belief in the need to review and practice English. These findings have the potential to inform educational policies and implementation strategies, as they can reveal whether mothers' motivations align with national priorities for English language education.

• 한국언어정보학회지:언어와정보
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.73-91
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• 2004

The nominative and accusative postpositions in Korean may intervene between the negative auxiliary verb ANH and its complement verb phrase. As Korean is an OV language, this means that 'verb + {nom, acc} + ANH' as well as the simpler concatenation 'verb + ANH' is possible. This fact, together with an overwhelming regularity of these postpositions' optionality in virtually all constructions, poses a problem for formal approaches to the syntax of the language. Working in a constraint-based grammatical framework shaped by such works as Sag and Wasow (1999) and Copestake (2002), we put forth type hierarchies for major_class, which represents verb inflection, and for pos, which has two immediate subtypes, i.e., htrp_pos and ord_pos. What we call the 'half transparency' of the case postpositions separates them from all the other lexical items in the language. The type htrp_pos is used to constrain one of the two newly proposed head_comp_rules, where a newly proposed feature HEAD2 of a phrase inherits its value from the HEAD feature of the head word. The COMPS list of the negative auxiliary ANH is seen as containing a single phrase whose HEAD is a kind of nominal clause and whose HEAD2 is something that is one of the three maximal types: acc, nom, and null.