• 한국실내디자인학회논문집
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• 제16권6호
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• pp.65-76
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• 2007

This research is progressed on the premise that there is a basic rule to organize a space in form generation process. In this study first, antecedent researches are inquired, and formal vocabularies related with form generation in space design are founded. Generally in the organizing process of spatial form designer could have selectively combined formal vocabularies consciously or unconsciously, and these formal vocabularies related with form generation are classified with 'formal elements' and 'spatial relationships'. First, as formal elements '2-dimensional line elements(rectilinear, oblique-linear, curvilinear)' are chosen. Second, formal vocabularies of 'spatial relationships' are 37 extracted from literatures related with architectural language or spatial language. Among them there are several vocabularies with similar or same meaning, they are unitized to representative one. Thereupon 20 vocabularies are finally selected as the formal vocabularies of 'spatial relationships', they are addition, subtraction, intersection, superimposition, juxtaposition, shifting, rotation, reflection, scaling, stretching, shear, bending, folding, distortion, articulation, deconstruction, symmetry, repetition, proportion, and asymmetry.

• 한국철도학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국철도학회 2007년도 춘계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.1000-1007
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• 2007

Recently, many critical control systems are developed using formal methods. When software applied to such systems is developed, the employment of formal methods in the software requirements specification and verification will provide increased assurance for such applications. Earlier error of overlooked requirement specification can be detected using formal specification method. Also the testing and full verification to examine all reachable states using model checking to undertake formal verification are able to be completed. In the comparison of other formal specification methods, we choose the Z formal language for applying to the train control system. Using Z is able to realize higher correctness in the requirement specification, and we propose the Statemate of the best solution in formal verification tools for the system modeling and verification. The Statemate makes it possible to prove thoroughly the system execution from the simple graphical modeling of the complicated train control system. Then we can expect that the model-based formal method combining Z with Statemate will be utilized widely for the railway systems due to various strong points.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.481-492
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• 1996

The purposes of the present study were (1) to examine the differences between the experienced group in buying foreign-brand formal wear and the non-experienced group in terms of demographic characteristics, clothing expenditures, and purchase behaviors of formal wear, and (2) to investigate the purchase behaviors of and the extent of post-purchase satisfaction to foreign-brand formal wears for purchase group of foreign-brand formal wear. By using questionnaire consisting of 20 questions, data were collected from 754 female consumers in age range of 20~59. Chi-square analysis and t-test were used for data analysis. Significant differences were found between the groups in educational levels, monthly clothing expenditures, monthly household income, the number of formal wear purchased per season, store patronage, items often purchased, perceived proper price per item, and criteria for selecting stores and evaluating products. The group with experiences in purchasing foreign-brand formal wear showed high satisfaction levels with the quality of foreign-brand formal wears. When buying foreign-brand formal wears, the experienced group considered styles and color as important evaluative criteria, and favored stores having sales with wide assortmetsn.

• Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.87-92
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• 2009

Many critical control systems are developed using formal methods. When software applied to such systems is developed, the employment of formal methods in the software requirements specification and verification will provide increased assurance for such applications. Earlier errors of overlooked requirement specification can be detected using the formal specification method. Also, the testing and full verification to examine all reachable states using model checking to undertake formal verification are able to be completed. In this paper, we proposed an eclectic approach to incorporate Z(Zed) formal language and 'Statemate MAGNUM', formal method tools using Statechart. Also we applied the proposed method to train control systems for the formal requirement specification and analyzed the specification results.

• 한국과학교육학회지
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.19-32
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• 1987

The primary purpose of this study was to assess understanding of concrete and formal operational science content by concrete and formal operational students in secondary school physical science classes. To carry out this study subjects were selected from junior high schools of over 2500 students, and they were identified as concrete, transitional, or formal operational using GALT(Group Assessment of Logical Thinking) developed by Roadrangka, Yeany and Padilla(1983). Instructional objectives were extracted from the science content taught during the second term of the academic year in the 7th, 8th and 9th grade, and they were classified as concrete or formal operational. Written test involving those objectives were constructed and administered. The results of this study suggested that formal operational thought brought deeper understanding to concrete science content as well as formal science content. Differential effects by sex on understanding of both concrete and formal science content were contradictory through the grade levels. Results of multiple comparison tests suggested that students categorized as formal operational demonstrated no better understanding of concrete science content than those categorized as transitional. However, they demonstrated better understanding of formal science content.

• 한국환경교육학회지:환경교육
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.48-68
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• 2006

This study is designed to develop a certification system for non-formal environmental education educators as part of efforts to nurture non-formal environmental education educators, increase public trust in non-formal environmental education educators and secure structure and sustainability of non-formal environmental education. The job of non-formal environmental education educators-distant from technical expertise functions that are dealt with by existing certification system - belongs to education and service industry, And the certification system I try to develop is different from existing exclusive certification system based on written tests. It is rather an authentication system based on capability development. So its components are somewhat different from those of existing certification system. However, I also tried to ensure that the system should include components which were supposed to be part of basic certification system. The certification system for non-formal environmental education educators in the study is focused on developing a framework for basic certification system. Therefore, I believe that follow up studies may be needed to address execution, i.e., specific evaluation criteria to select organizations in charge of certification system and education course/program respectively, criteria to select instructors who will lead training course/program and decision on whether experiences as eco-guide or nature experience guide should be recognized as experiences for non-formal environmental education educator etc.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• 제7권5호
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• pp.119-130
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• 2020

The study seeks to evaluate the impacts of three types of credit - formal, semi-formal, and informal credits - on the well-being of households in Vietnam's rural areas. Based on data from the Vietnam Household Living Standard Surveys in 2014 and 2016, the research uses the instrumental variable fixed-effect models to estimate the effects of three kinds of credit on household's per capita income and expenditure. There are some significant findings. First, in rural areas, formal credit is the most popular source with stable and cheap borrowing costs. Informal credit is a complement to formal credit to meet urgent needs. Funding agriculture activities is the most commonly cited purpose of borrowing, followed by purchasing assets. The highest misuse rate belongs to the group of loans for agriculture production. Second, the results show that credit helps smoothen consumption rather than generate income for rural households. Three types of credit have insignificant or negative effects on household's per capita income. Formal loans significantly improve total expenditure and spending on healthcare and education. Informal and semi-formal credits show a little influence on consumption. Informal loans have a significantly positive effect on healthcare expenditure. In contrast, having semi-formal loans tends to decrease spending on foods.

• 한국정보과학회논문지:소프트웨어및응용
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• 제31권7호
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• pp.883-900
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• 2004

재사용성과 확장성을 높이는 객체지향 개발이 보편화되면서 새로운 소프트웨어를 개발할 경우 기 개발되어 검증된 객체지향 산출물을 재사용함으로써 개발기간을 단축하고 품질을 향상할 수 있다. 이렇게 성능이 검증된 기 개발된 객체지향 산출물을 이용하여 컴포넌트 기반 모델로 변환하면 짧은 기간에 고품질의 컴포넌트 기반 시스템을 구축할 수 있다. 본 논문에서는 이미 개발되어 있는 객체지향 설계 모델을 이용하여 컴포넌트 기반 설계로 변환하되 변환의 정확성을 위해 정형명세 기법을 사용한다. 컴포넌트 기반 설계를 정형명세하기 위해 컴포넌트 정형명세 언어를 정의한다. 그리고 객체지향 설계의 정적, 동적, 기능적 측면을 정형명세 언어 Object-Z를 사용하여 정형명세하는 기법을 제시한 후, 객체지향 정형명세를 컴포넌트 정형명세로 변환하는 기법을 제시한다. 사례연구는 제시된 변환 기법을 적용하여 객체지향 정형명세가 컴포넌트 기반 정형명세로의 변환과정을 설명한다.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• 제9권7호
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• pp.109-121
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• 2022

The study aims to examine the interaction of formal and informal institutions for strengthening economic development, particularly entrepreneurship growth. The research will also assess the impact of control variables on political index within the formal and informal markets. The research is quantitative, which analyses panel data of 6 years in 22 countries comprising middle and high-income countries with diversified and unique political, economic, and social systems. The findings suggested that reducing the entry regulation and promoting the social capital within the formal and informal institutions would grow formal and informal entrepreneurship and be a greater source for new venture creation. Moreover, the political index, a control variable, was found significant in the relationship of institutional mix with formal and informal entrepreneurship. Entry regulations in formal and informal institutions are a complex phenomenon in the entrepreneurship literature, moderated by the political development index as tested by the current study. The time horizon for this paper is much longer since it analyzes 6 years (2014-2019) of data on 22 developing and developed countries to see the entrepreneurial growth across multiple regions on different income levels, geographic conditions, and contrasting political and social systems.

• 한국과학교육학회지
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.9-13
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• 1986

This study was designed to investigate students' preferences of instructional modes in CAI which have concrete of formal operational level instructions. Thirty five students of the high school in America were assessed using Longeot test and were given CAI material on the Apple II e computer. The results of this study showed that students who were only capable of functioning at the concrete level of operations frequently preferred to attempt formal operational level instructions for which they were not capable of success. Further, formal operational students frequently preferred concrete operational instructions. There was also no significant difference in the selection of formal operational level of instructions between concrete and formal operational students. There was also no significant correlation between the number of selected formal operational level instructions and the Longeot test score. These results suggested the student's preference to a cognitive developmental level of instruction in CAI was independent of his or her cognitive developmental level.