• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.67-77
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• 2018

To investigate the effects of forest and the surrounding natural and anthropogenic sources on the bulk depositions on forested land, this study examined differences in ion concentrations between wet-only and bulk samples at two forested sites in Japan. The surrounding natural and anthropogenic sources at each site were different; Shirasaka is in a rural area and Tanashi is an urban environment. The volume weighted (vw) mean concentrations of $K^+$ and $Ca^{2+}$ in the bulk samples were significantly (p<0.05) higher than those in the wet-only samples at both sites. The forest canopy and a nearby incineration plant were hypothesized to be the main sources of $K^+$ contaminants at Shirasaka and Tanashi, respectively. The transport of sea salt and urban dust may explain the presence of enriched $Ca^{2+}$ concentrations in the bulk samples at Shirasaka and Tanashi, respectively. The $NH_4{^+}$ concentrations in the Shirasaka bulk samples were significantly (p<0.05) lower than those in the wet-only samples. The vw mean $SO{_4}^{2-}$ and $NO_3{^-}$ concentrations in both sample types were not significantly different at either site. This study demonstrated that the ion concentration differences between wet-only and bulk samples were affected by nearby natural and anthropogenic sources even at forest sites, similar to previous findings for non-forested locations. However, the $K^+$ concentration differences between wet-only and bulk samples may be higher owing to forest sources, even in the absence of anthropogenic sources.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.54-65
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• 2017

Background: "Igune," a traditional agricultural landscape in the Tohoku region of Japan, is characterized by small-scale artificial woodlots surrounding a farmer's house that are interspersed with paddy fields. During the rapid economic growth of Japan over recent decades, some igune woodlots have been abandoned or logged. Biodiversity conservation is an important issue worldwide, and traditional agricultural landscapes are of particular interest. To elucidate the role of igune landscapes in conserving biodiversity, we examined the effects of environmental factors on avian communities. Results: The study was conducted in the suburban areas of Oshu and Hanamaki cities, Iwate Prefecture, Japan, at eight sites that varied in the density and area of igune woodlots within the landscape. Bird surveys were conducted from the middle to late breeding season, and several environmental factors of the igune landscape were also measured. The results of canonical correspondence analysis indicated that the characteristics of avian communities were mainly determined by the total forested area in the landscape. Increased total forested area and shrubs layer of igune woodlots did not cause a reduction in number of bird species of any habitat and foraging types, while increased both in species number and abundance of insectivores and forest species. The number of raptor species increased in igune sites without shrubs. Conclusions: Our results suggest that maintaining igune landscapes may enhance avian diversity within this landscape, although the effects of shrubs within igune varied; developed bush communities increased the evenness of the avian community, whereas some raptor species preferred an open forest understory.

• Proceedings of the KGS Conference
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• 2004.05a
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• pp.57-57
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• 2004

강원도 평창군의 도암호 유역, 이른바 대관령 지역은 냉량습윤한 고랭지 기후 특성을 이용하여 대규모 목축과 고랭지 농업이 성행한 곳이며 토양유실과 수질 오염이 심각하다. 본 연구에서는 대관령 지역의 산림 및 농경지 소유역을 대상으로 주 1회의 유량 및 수질 조사를 실시하여 토지이용에 따른 수질 특성, 특히 수질 항목간의 상관관계와 유량 증감에 따른 수질 변화가 산림 소유역과 농경지 소유역에서 각각 어떻게 나타나는지 살피고자 한다. (중략)

• Proceedings of The Korean Society of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology Conference
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• 2003.09a
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• pp.69-72
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• 2003

산림을 천연의 자연 상태로 보호하는 것도 중요한 보전 방법이지만, 국토면적에 비해 인구밀도가 높고 자연자원이 한정되어 있는 우리나라와 같은 산악국가에서는, 산림자원을 적절하게 개발하여 활용하는 것이 바람직하다. 이를 위해서는 다양한 방법이 제시되고 있는데, 먼저 해당 대상 지역의 산지 특성을 명확히 파악할 필요가 있다.(중략)

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.95 no.4
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• pp.476-483
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• 2006

This study tried to estimate the concentration indices of 15 forested national parks using Gini coefficient and Lorenz curve which can be measure the degree of inequality. The concentration indices were estimated by two parts which are yearly index for the periods of 1997-2005 and travel origin area(city or province) distribution index each national park. The empirical results were as follows: first, yearly Gini coefficients showed severe inequality. Particularly, 2004 and 2005 Gini coefficients were .453 and .446. which are intensive inequality compared with other years. Second, in travel origin area distribution each national park, Gini coefficients of Bukhansan and Kyeryungsan national park were .916 and .855 which are the great inequality compared with other national parks. The other hand, Gini coefficients of Dukyusan and Byunsanbando national parks were .508 and .628 which are the lowest inequality. The national park policy manager should find out the factors of concentration and deconcentration each year and national park and decided the visitor distribution policy which visitor size and scope for balancing the natural resources use.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.533-542
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• 2006

Lidar point clouds provide three dimensional information of terrain surface and have a great advantage to generate precise digital elevation model (DEM), particularly over forested area where some laser signals are transmitted to vegetation canopy and reflected from the bare ground. This study initially investigates the characteristics of lidar-derived height information as related to vertical structure of forest stands. Then, we propose a new filtering method to separate ground points from Lidar point clouds, which is a prerequisite process both to generate DEM surface and to extract biophysical information of forest stands. Laser points clouds over the forest stands in central Korea show that the vertical distribution of laser points greatly varies by the stand characteristics. Based on the characteristics, the proposed filtering method processes first and last returns simultaneously without setting any threshold value. The ground points separated by the proposed method are used to generate digital elevation model, furthermore, the result provides the possibilities to extract other biophysical characteristics of forest.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.395-410
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• 1992

Disturbance regime and tree regeneration were studied in kwangnung natural forest, an old-growth deciduous hardwood forest located in central korea. This forest is dominated by carpinus laxiflora, c.erosa, and quercus species. The area occupied by canopy gaps was 4.6% of the total forested area, and the mean size of canopy gaps was 92 $m^2$ with the maximum being 524 $m^2$. More than half of the gaps were less than four years old, and 3/4 of the gaps were created by death of only or two canopy trees, indicating the dominance of small-sized gaps in kwangnung forest. about half of the gap-makers were c. laxiflora, and another one third were quercus species. In contrast, the most frequent relacers were c. laxiflora while quercus species filled only 5% of the gaps, suggesting a future shift in tree species composition under the current disturbance regime. tree regeration was more conspicuous even in small gaps than non-gaps regardless of shade-tolerance of tree species, indicating the importance of gaps in tree regeneration.

• Proceedings of the KSRS Conference
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• 2003.11a
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• pp.760-762
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• 2003

This study confirmed the usefulness of short-wavelength infrared (SWIR) in the discrimination and classification of evergreen forest types. A forested area near Hisayama and Sasaguri in Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan, served as the study area. Warm-temperate forest vegetation dominates the study site vegetation. Coniferous plantation forest, natural broad-leaved forest, and bamboo forest were analyzed using LANDSAT5/TM and SPOT4/HRVIR remote sensing data. Samples were extracted for the three forest types, and reflectance factors were compared for each band. Kappa coefficients of various band combinations were also compared by classification accuracy. For the LANDSAT5/TM data observed in April, October, and November, Bands 5 and 7 showed significant differences between bamboo, broad-leaved, and coniferous forests. The same significant difference was not recognized in the visible or near-infrared regions. Classification accuracy, determined by supervised classification, indicated distinct improvements in band combinations with SWIR, as compared to those without SWIR. Similar results were found for both LANDSAT5/TM and SPOT4/HRVIR data. This study identified obvious advantages in using SWIR data in forest-type discrimination and classification.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.37-47
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• 2008

Recently, reckless exploitation of land resources without much consideration for the environmental value of the land has been witnessed to accommodate the ever-increasing demands for regional development. Fragmentation due to land development is a major reason for the declining biodiversity in forest ecosystems. The purposes of this study were (1) to investigate the relationship between the factors of land development and forest fragmentation in 13 watersheds of a metropolitan area and (2) to suggest a forest management plan through the relationship. We carried out a factor analysis to determine explanatory axes of forest fragmentation, and then conducted a correlation analysis between the factor scores and the factor of land development, such as the rate of built-up areas, road density, number of built-up patches, and area of housing developments. The first explanatory axis represented stability of landscape highly related with the rate of the built-up area and road density. The second axis represented the level of fragment highly related with a number of built-up patches. Forest fragmentation patterns of the 13 watersheds were classified for the similarity in forest fragmentation. This study presents the forest management plans including distribution and level of land development and forest conservation.

• 한국방재학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2008.02a
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• pp.763-766
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• 2008

This study was investigated to the conditions of coastal disaster prevention forests in coastal sand dune in Korea. As a result new planed area were about 250.05ha of 576 sites and average area per site is about 0.43ha. Therefore, it is necessary to readjust it in 1 ha/site for standard of new plan area and 10 ha/year for establishment quantity. In addition, the maintenances methods for about 1,479 ha in the forested area of coastal disaster prevention forest and the basic investigations for forests close to coastal were carried out as soon as possible.