• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.8 no.5
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• pp.28-38
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• 2005

The De-militarized Zone(DMZ) on the Korean Peninsula is ecologically conserved and naturally developed as access to the area has been controlled in the past five decades. As a result, biodiversity and wetlands are developed very well, but they have not been sufficiently surveyed due to land mines and security reasons. Focusing on the Kyongui Line area in Paju DMZ, this study aims at examining the status of forested wetlands in detail through an on-site survey and understanding the features of forested wetlands in DMZ. The forested wetlands of Paju Kyongui Line area are inhabited by naturally grown Salix koreensis Andress. and Acer ginnale Maxim. and affected by Sacheon Basin region extensively. As the topography of this region is created of inundated area and gentle ground, it is easily affected by hydrology and irrigation and has ideal conditions as forested wetlands. In addition, forest wetlands in this area were used as agricultural land in the past but now transformed into palustrine forested wetlands after being deserted for long time. However, as construction of roads and railways increasingly blocks water paths, the coverage of Robinia pseudoacacia L. and Amorpha fruticosa L. is on the rise, which indicates that forestedwetlands are gradually becoming inland over time.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.89-104
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• 2015

In order to effectively manage forested areas in South Korea on a national scale, using remotely sensed data is considered most suitable. In this study, utilizing Land coverage maps and Forest type maps of national geographic information instead of collecting field data was tested for conducting supervised classification on SPOT-5 and KOMPSAT-2 imagery focusing on forested areas. Supervised classification were conducted in two ways: analysing a whole area around the study site and/or only forested areas around the study site, using Support Vector Machine. The overall accuracy for the classification on the whole area ranged from 54.9% to 68.9% with kappa coefficients of over 0.4, which meant the supervised classification was in general considered moderate because of sub-classifying forested areas into three categories (i.e. hardwood, conifer, mixed forests). Compared to this, the overall accuracy for forested areas were better for sub-classification of forested areas probably due to less distraction in the classification. To further improve the overall accuracy, it is needed to gain individual imagery rather than mosaic imagery to use more spetral bands and select more suitable conditions such as seasonal timing. It is also necessary to obtain precise and accurate training data for sub-classifying forested areas. This new approach can be considered as a basis of developing an excellent analysis manner for understanding and managing forest landscape.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.32-40
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• 2001

Quantifications of fish farm influences on stream water quality may provide basic informations on watershed management to reduce environmental impact due to fish farm development and to conserve stream water quality in forested watershed area. In this research stream water qualities around Mt. Paekun area were monitored seasonally and the following results were obtained. Due to the increase of pH in effluent water from the fish farm it was believed that alkalization of stream water can be accelerated by large scale development of fish farms in the forested watershed area. Negative effects on stream water quality were observed by indications of increase in electrical conductivity and temperature of effluent water from the fish farm. Decreases in physicochemical indices such as the amount of dissolved oxygen, percentage of dissolved oxygen, total amount of cation, total amount of anion and total amount of ion in effluent water from the fish farm were also negative aspects in downstream ecology. It is recommended that water purification system as well as eco-friendly fish farm design should be incorporated to large scale fish farm development plan in forested watershed area.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.54-63
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• 1999

Quantifications of fish farm influences on stream water quality may provide basic informations on watershed management to reduce environmental impact due to fish farm development and to conserve stream water quality in forested watershed area. In this research stream water qualities around (Mt.) Paekun area were monitored by seasons and the following results were obtained. Due to the increase of pH in effluent water from the fish farm it was believed that alkalization of stream water can be accelerated by large scale development of fish farms in the forested watershed area. Negative effects on stream water quality was also observed by indications of increase in electrical conductivity and temperature of effluent water from the fish farm. Decreases of physicochemical indexes such as the amount of dissolved oxygen, percentage of dissolved oxygen and total amount of ion in effluent water from the fish farm were also negative aspects in downstream ecology. It is recommended that water purification system as well as eco-friendly fish farm design be incorporated to large scale fish farm development plan in forested watershed area.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.61-66
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• 2000

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of seed coating on germination and early growth of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schr.), orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.), and alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) over sown on unploughed hilly and forested areas. Establishment and early growth of coated tall fescue and orchardgrass on unploughed hilly area were not significantly influenced by seed coating. Establishment and early growth of coated alfalfa on unploughed hilly area were higher than non-coated and showed 4.7% and 4.0 g/m2, respectively. Establishment of coated tall fescue (11.8%) on forested area were higher than noncoated (0.3%), but ealy growth of tall fescue was not significantly influences by seed coating. Establishment of over sown orchardgrass on forested area was not significantly affected by seed coating, but early growth of coated seed (18.7%) was better than that of non-coated (0.3%). Establishment of coated alfalfa on forested area were higher than those of non-coated. Results of this study indicate that the establishment and early growth of over sown tall fescue, orchardgrass, and alfalfa could be improved by seed coating.

• Proceedings of the KSRS Conference
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• 2007.10a
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• pp.468-470
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• 2007

This paper is to present an approach for generating coarse resolution (MODIS data) fraction images of forested region in Korea peninsula using forest type area fraction derived from high resolution data (ASTER data) in regional forest area. A 15-m spatial resolution multi-spectral ASTER image was acquired under clear sky conditions on September 22, 2003 over the forested area near Seoul, Korea and was used to select each end-member that represent a pure reflectance of component of forest such as different forest, bare soil and water. The area fraction of selected each end-member and a 500-m spatial resolution MODIS reflectance product covering study area was applied to a linear mixture inversion model for calculating the fraction image of forest component across the South Korea. We found that the area fraction values of each end-member observed from high resolution image data could be used to separate forest cover in low resolution image data.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.544-561
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• 2004

Weekly monitoring of discharge and water quality in forested and agricultural subcatchments were performed to understand the difference of water quality caused by land uses in Doegwollyong area. Correlations between water quality variables including discharge were analyzed for the same purpose. There was little variation of water Quality in forested subcatchment. On the other hand, the range of water quality variation in agricultural subcatchment was wide due to soil loss and the application of chemical fertilizers and livestock manure. Dissolved oxygen(DO) had strong negative correlation with discharge in both subcatchments. Total nitrogen(T-N) and potassium ion(K$^{+}$) had stronger positive correlation with discharge in forested subacatchment than in agricultural one. On the other hand, total suspended sediments(TSS), total phosphorus(T-P), and chemical oxygen demand(COD) had stronger correlation with discharge in agricultural subcatchment than in forested one. As water pollution of the Doam Lake, especially the increase of T-P is serious, soil conservation is very important to improve water quality. In particular, the loss of soil and nutrients from late June till early July were more serious than any other seasons, therefore it is necessary to apply environmentally sustainable methods of cultivation.n.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.153-160
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• 1993

The problem of supply and transport of sediment from a mountainous catchment is very important in explaining dynamic geomorphology and the hydrological cycle. The discharge of suspended sediment is determined by a morphological system. Human interference to environment Is also an important, not negligible factor in sediment production. Moreover, growing concern in recent years for the problems of nonpoint pollution and for the transport of contaminants through terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems has highlighted the role of sediment-associated transport in fluvial systems. This study was conducted in forested and quarried catchments in order to clarify the different discharge process and the mechanism of suspended sediment dynamics for each catchment. As a forested catchment, the Yamaguchi River catchment which drains a $3.12km^2$ area was chosen. On the other hand, the Futagami River basin which is formed by three subbasins (1.07, 1.59 and $1.78km^2$), as a quarried catchment was selected. These catchments are situated to the north and east of Mt. Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan. The discharge pattern of suspended sediment from the Futagami River basin is more unstable and irregular than that from forested catchment, the Yamaguchi River catchment. Under the similar rainstorm conditions, suspended sediment concentration from quarried catchment during a rainstorm event increases from 43 to 27,340 mg/l. However, in the case of the forested catchment it changes only from nearly zero to 274 mg/l. Generally, the supply source of suspended sediment is classified into two areas, the in-channel and non-channel source areas. As a result of field measurements, in the case of the forested catchment the in-channel (channel bed, channel bank and channel margin) is the main source area of suspended sediment. On the other hand, remarkable sediment source area on the Quarried catchment is the non-channel that is unvegetated ground.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.43-52
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• 2005

Evaluations of the fish farm influences on stream water quality may provide basic informations on watershed management to reduce environmental impact due to fish farm development and to conserve stream water quality in forested watershed area. In this research influent, effluent water in the fish farm and stream water qualities around Mt. Baegun area were monitored seasonally for six years and the following results were obtained. Due to the increase of pH in effluent water from the fish farm it was believed that alkalization of stream water can be accelerated by large scale development of fish farms in the forested watershed area. Also, effluent water from the fish farm increase of EC higher than influent and stream water. As a result of regression analyses, pH, EC, DO, water temperature, total amount of cation and anion in influent and effluent water of fish farm show high significance.

• Proceedings of the KSRS Conference
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• 2007.10a
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• pp.426-429
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• 2007

One of the widely used applications of remote sensing studies is environmental change detection and biodiversity conservation. The study area Hustai Mountain is situated in the transition zone between the Siberian taiga forest and Central Mongolian arid steppe. Hustai National Park carries out one of several reintroduction programs of takhi (wild horse or Equus ferus przewalskii) from various zoos in the world and it represents one of a few textbook examples of successful reintroduction of an animal extinct in the wild. In this paper we describe the results of an analysis on the change of remaining forest area over the 7-year period since Hustai Mountain was designated as a protected area for reintroduction to wild horses. Today the forested area covers approximately 5% of the Hustai National Park, mostly the north-facing slopes above 1400 m altitude. Birch (Betula platyphylla) and aspen (Populus tremula) trees are predominant in the forest. We used Landsat ETM+ images from two different years and multi temporal MODIS NDVI data. Land types were determined by supervised classification methods (Maximum Likelihood algorithm) verified with ground-truthing data and the Land Change Modeler (LCM) which was developed by Clark Labs. Forested area was classified into three different land types, namely the forest land, mountain meadow and mountain steppe. The study results illustrate that the remaining birch forest has rapidly changed to fragmented forest land and to open areas. Underlying causes for such a rapid change during the 15-year period may be manifold. However, the responsible factors appear to be the drying off and outbreak of forest pest species (such as gypsy moth or Lymantria dispar) in the area.