• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.8-13
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• 2012

This study suggests the water curtain nozzles as the way to protect important wooden cultural properties from an adjacent building fire or a forest fire. They are designed to block off the pyrolysis of timbers which occurs at $200{\sim}250^{\circ}C$ by forming a water curtain with the flow of water that spouts over a certain pressure from the bottom. The existing water curtain nozzles installed at the following sites were examined: NakSan-sa (Temple) in Gangwon-do (Province) and in Muwisa (Temple) in Jeollanam-do (South Province). As a way to improve and complement the system, this study designed nozzles with covers in order not to disrupt the landscape. Connected pipes are elevated and jet water when they are in use. Possible ways to install the connected elevating pipes to jet water effectively were investigated.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.265-269
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• 2007

The loss of nitrogen and phosphorus from sediments in two watersheds, one naturally regenerating and one artificially planted, in Sacheon-myun, Gangneung-si, Gangwon Province, were measured two years after a forest fire in 2000. Sediment losses occurred five times in the course of the year. In the artificially planted watershed, $50{\sim}140$ times more nitrogen and $54{\sim}139$ times more phosphorus were lost with sediments during heavy rains, from July to August, than in the naturally regenerating watershed. When the typhoon Rusa struck the country, 1,389 times more nitrogen and 1,647 times more phosphorus were lost from the artificial watershed. In spite of the limited scope of this study, these results suggest that artificially planted watersheds are extremely vulnerable to catastrophic natural disasters such as typhoons. Elevated loss of nutrients in the artificially planted watershed might have resulted from the mechanized silvicultural practices employed immediately after the fire. To maximize soil preservation, the timing and necessity of plantation practices should be reconsidered, and rapidly regenerating vegetation should be protected to promote nutrient uptake and to mitigate nutrient loss from burned forests.

• Proceedings of the Korea Institute of Fire Science and Engineering Conference
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• 2009.04a
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• pp.365-371
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• 2009

산불에 있어 화염높이 산정은 복사열전달에 의한 수평 또는 수직적 화염확산을 예측하는데 있어 매우 중요한 부분이다. 화염특성 중 화염높이는 빛을 수반하는 화염(the luminous flame)의 평균높이로 확인할 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 외부 풍속과 경사 등으로 인한 화염 높이가 변화될 수 있는 조건을 제외한 산림 내 지표연소물질인 낙엽층(fuel bed)에 대한 화염높이 관측실험과 Cone calorimeter(ASTM-1354)을 이용하여Heat Release Rate 측정하였고 surface fuel에 대한 화염높이 산출식 $H_f=0.027{\dot{Q}}^{2/3}$을 도출하였다. 실험값과 개발 산정식, 기존 Heskestad(1998) 식과의 적용값 비교 결과, 소나무 낙엽의 경우, 실험값과 개발 산정식 적용값의 표준오차는 0.08, 실험값과 기존 Heskestad(1998)의 표준오차는 0.23으로 개발 산정식의 정확성이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 앞으로 이 식을 이용하여 복사열전달에 의한 화염확산해석 및 화염의 높이에 따른 수관화 전이해석 등에 활용 가능할 것으로 사료된다.

• Proceedings of the Korea Institute of Fire Science and Engineering Conference
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• 2009.04a
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• pp.358-364
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• 2009

본 연구에서는 우리나라 주요 침엽수종인 소나무(Pinus densiflora)와 활엽수종인 굴참나무(Quercus variabilis)의 낙엽에 대해 FTIR(Fourier Transform Infrared) 분광계를 이용하여 배출 연소가스 종류 및 농도를 측정하였다. 실험결과 소나무와 굴참나무 낙엽에서 Carbon monoxide, Carbon dioxide, Acetic acid, Butyl acetate, Ethylene, Methane, Methanol, Nitrogen dioxide, Ammonia, Hydrogen Fluoride, Sulfur dioxide, Hydrogen bromide 등 13개 연소가스가 검출되었고 굴참나무 낙엽에서는 Nitrogen monoxide가 추가로 검출되었다. 방출된 연소가스의 전체 농도는 소나무 낙엽이 굴참나무 낙엽에 비해 4.5배 많이 검출되었다. 특히, 시간가중평균가스농도(TWA : Time-weighted average, ppm) 기준을 초과하는 연소가스는 Carbon monoxide, Carbon dioxide, Butyl acetate가 검출되었고 단시간노출기준(STEL : Short Term Exposure Limit, ppm) 기준을 초과하는 연소가스는 Carbon monoxide, Carbon dioxide로 소나무 및 굴참나무 모두에서 나타났다. 이에 산불에서의 낙엽층 지표화 연소시 전체 가스 방출량의 99% 이상을 차지하고 있는 Carbon monoxide, Carbon dioxide의 건강 위험성이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 하지만, 검출된 다른 건강 위험성 가스의 경우에도 연소물질의 양이 증가할수록 연소가스의 농도가 높아져 건강안정성에 해가 있을 것으로 판단되며 또한 검출된 연소가스 중 나무의 주요구성 원소가 아닌 Bromide, Fluoride 화합물에 대해서는 토양으로부터의 오염 또는 분석과정에서의 노이즈로 인한 검출 등에 대한 보다 면밀한 검토가 필요할 것으로 판단된다.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
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• v.17 no.11
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• pp.1199-1204
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• 2004

Most overhead transmission lines in Korea run over the mountain; however, only little study has been made for the effect of mountain fire on polymeric insulator for transmission lines, though the study is significantly required, Therefore, in this study, the authors observed the deformation of the sheds of the insulator under fire, varying the ignition time using artificial ignition testing equipment, and investigated electrical and mechanical characteristics of the insulator through dry withstand voltage test, impulse flashover test and tensile load test. As the results of the tests, the following conclusions were obtained, First, when the insulator was subjected to the fire, the electrical characteristics were slightly reduced, but there was no change on the mechanical characteristics, Secondly, the sheds and sheath of the insulator were not non-flammable but less-flammable. These two results show the high mechanical stability and durability of the insulator under severe fire condition, though the electrical characteristics can be deteriorated as the time that the insulator is subjected to fire, goes by.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.38-45
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• 2000

This research has been done to investigate influence of soil physical and chemical properties on forest environmental change by fired pine forest in Koseong, Kangwondo. The sample sites were divided by not-fired sites(NF), not-cutting site after fired(FNC), cutting and planting sites after fired(FCP) and cutting and not-planting sites after fired(FC). Soil texture of whole sites was sandy clay loam. Sand content of NF top soil were lower than those of sub soil and clay content were higher, while FNC, FCP and FC sand content of top soil were higher than those of sub soil. Total porosity didn't differ between the sites. Coarse porosity and permeability had the increasing order as NF> FNC> FCP> FC, but fine porosity and bulk density had the opposite trends. Because forest fire removed the vegetation and then soil erosion was accelerated, forest environmental changes by forest fire greatly degraded soil porosity and permeability which were indices for forest water retention, so that soil physical properties were deteriorated. Both top and sub soil pHs of NF and FNC were higher than those of FCP and FC. Organic matter content and total nitrogen content of top and sub soils were high in order as NF> FNC> FCP> FC. Cation exchange capacities and exchangeable cation(K+, Na+, $Ca^2$+, $Mg^2$+) content in top soils were higher than those in sub soils, and in order as NF> FNC> FCP> FC, to be compared by the sites. Those mean that forest fire result from the erosion of top soil layers.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.97 no.3
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• pp.291-295
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• 2008

We investigated the differences in characteristics of rodent populations among unburned and two burned forest areas which were fire damaged in 2000 and 1980, Samcheok and Yangyang, Gangwon province, Korea. Apodemus peninsulae, Myodes regulus and Tamias sibiricus were captured in three study areas. Total density of rodents was the least at burned area which was damaged in 2000. Trappabilities of Apodemus peninsulae and Myodes regulus were higher in burned areas than in unburned area. However, trappability of Tamias sibiricus was the highest in unburned area. Changes in forest type and habitat structure due to time elapsed after forest fire might affect density and species composition of rodents. Mean body weight of rodents were the highest in burned area which was damaged in 2000 while the lowest in unburned area. Differences in body weight of rodents would be related with the coverage of understory. Detailed long-term ecological monitoring is needed to elucidate changes in characteristics of rodent populations after forest fire.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.17-25
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• 2013

In this paper we interpreted the changes in wind field over complex mountainous terrains. The results of our study can be applied for predicting the direction of fire spread and for establishing strategies for fire prevention. The study area is bounded by $12{\times}12$ km domains of the Samcheok's long-term ecological research (LTER) site located in the east coast, in which a large-fire had occurred from 7 to 13 April 2000. Because of the area's complex topography, we compared the result of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) mesoscale model with those observed by four automated weather stations. The WRF simulation overestimated the wind speed by 5 to 8 m/s (~200%) in comparison with those from four automated weather stations. The wind directions observed by the AWSs were from various directions whereas those from WRF model were mostly west wind at all stations. Overall, the simulations by the WRF mesoscale models were not appropriate for the estimation of microscale wind fields over complex mountainous areas. To overcome such inadequacy of reproducing the wind fields, we employed the ENVI-met model over Samcheok's LTER site. In order to test the model's sensitivity with the terrain effects, experimental simulations were conducted with various initial conditions. The simulation results of the ENVI-met model showed a reasonable agreement in wind speeds (about 70% accuracy) with those of the four AWSs. Also, that the variations in wind directions agreed reasonably well with changes in terrain effect. We concluded that the ENVI-met model is more appropriate in representing the microscale wind field over complex mountain terrains, which is required to predict fire spread and to establish strategies for forest fire prevention.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.51 no.1
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• pp.25-39
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• 2024

This study aimed to determine a method for restoring grasslands to forests in mountainous areas. The study was conducted in an area damaged by trampling due to construction activity and herding. Additionally, there were concerns of hindered tree growth due to the alpine region climate, characterized by the low temperatures, drying, and strong winds. Therefore, forest restoration treatments such as tillage, furrow, and shading were performed to improve growth conditions. From July 2021 to April 2023, soil temperature and moisture were monitored for each treatment plot, and changes in the initial growth and survival rate of Abies holophylla were investigated. Both soil temperature and soil moisture showed significantly higher values during the four seasons in the grassland-furrow treatment plot (p < 0.05). Compared to the grassland-control plot, the average soil temperature in winter was as high as 1.1℃, and the soil moisture in summer was as high as 20.3%. Additionally, the survival rate and relative growth rate were the largest in the grassland-furrow treatment plot. The survival rate was 87.5%, the relative growth rate in terms of height was 0.013, and the relative growth rate in terms of diameter at root collar was 0.023, indicating that furrow treatment had a positive effect on the initial survival and growth of seedlings. These results suggest that furrow treatment may be an appropriate restoration method when implementing forest restoration projects in areas where tree growth is challenged.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.1555-1570
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• 2016

For monitoring forest fires, a real-time system to prevent fires in wider areas should be supported consistently. However, there has still been a lack of the support for real-time system related to forest fire monitoring. In addition, the 'real-time' processing in a forest fire detection system can lead to excessive consumption of energy. To solve these problems, the intelligent data acquisition of sensing nodes is required, and the maximum energy savings as well as rapid and accurate detection by flame sensors need to be done. In this regard, this paper proposes a node built-in filter algorithm for intelligent data collection of sensing nodes for the rapid detection of forest fires with focus on reducing the power consumption of the remote sensing nodes and providing efficient wireless sensor network-based forest environment monitoring in terms of data transmission, network stability and data acquisition. The experimental result showed that battery life can be extended through the intelligent sampling of remote sensing nodes, and the average accuracy of the measurement of flame detection based on the distance is 44%.