• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제5권3호
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• pp.50-57
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• 2002

The restoration techniques of large disturbed land containing native forest resources and soil animals were investigated on the new campus area of Kyushu University in Japan. Important techniques to restore native forest and biodiversity in that area are transplantation of existing large trees, transplantation of the forest soil, transplantation of native tree stools, and the reuse of wood and bamboo chips. The benefits can be obtained by using these methods. Firstly, the native genetic resources that would be discarded as part of the land development can be reused. Secondary, the time taken to become a high growth forest as opposed to the practice of planting saplings or grass seeds can be reduced. At last, the native forest ecosystem containing various under-story vegetations and soil animals can be conserved and regenerated. In addition, big and small ponds were constructed in the biodiversity preservation zone to preserve rare plants, rare animals, and native aquatic animals. And these plants and animals were transplanted and moved to ponds.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.117-129
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• 2010

The present study was undertaken in moist temperate forest of Mandal-Chopta area in the Garhwal region of Uttarakhand, India. The aim of the present study was to assess the physical properties of soils in relation to the forest structure and composition. Twelve forest types according to the altitude, slope aspect and species compositions were selected for the study. Physical properties of soil i.e., soil colour, soil texture (per cent of sand, silt and clay), moisture content, water holding capacity, porosity, bulk density (gm/$cm^3$) and void ratio were analyzed for three different depths viz., (i) 'upper' (0-10 cm), (ii) 'middle' (11-30 cm) and (iii) 'lower' (31-60 cm) in all the selected forest types. Phytosociological and diversity parameters viz. total basal cover ($Gha^{-1}$), stem density ($Nha^{-1}$), tree species richness, Simpson concentration of dominance and Shannon-Wiener diversity index were also calculated for each forest type. This study also provides the comparisons between the results of physical analysis of the present study with numerous other previous studies in the temperate Himalayan region of the Uttarakhand.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제10권6호
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• pp.99-109
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• 2007

The main objectives of this comparative study were 1) to compare the floristic similarity of species composition between the extant vegetation and seedlings from soil seed bank and 2) to quantify the potential contribution of soil seed bank to revegetation of forest in a constructed area, which is called "ecological impact mitigation" in conjunction with the power plant extension. Forest topsoil of seven plots was collected from the surface soil after measurements were taken on the ground vegetation in each plot. A greenhouse experiment was conducted and monitored to analyze the germination potential of soil seed bank. The forest topsoil was spread on plastic trays ($0.7m^2{\times}7$) filled with a 5cm layer of sterilized potting mix. The results of monitoring for 2 years in a greenhouse were as follows : 1) seedlings of soil seed bank per 4.9$m^2$ were 1,269 with 36 species (1st year) and 2,615 with 25 species (2nd year). 2) 38${\pm}$8% of the flora species were germinated from soil seed bank. It can be concluded that the use of soil seed bank would be effective to promote establishment of diverse species and vegetation. However, it behooves to continue monitoring on succession of vegetation and pursue revegetation with other methods for ecological restoration. Finally, adequate topsoil deposit and gathering methods should be studied properly.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.119-129
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• 2013

We compared equilibrium evaporation($E_{equili}$) eddy-covariance($E_{eddy}$) with soil moisture data($E_{SMseries}$) which were measured with a 2 hours sampling interval at three points for a humid forest hillslope from May 5th to May 31th in 2009. Accumulations of $E_{eddy}$, $E_{equili}$ for the study period were estimated as 2.52, 3.28 mm and those of $E_{SMseries}$ were ranged from 1.91 to 2.88 mm. It suggested that the eddy-covariance method considering the spatial heterogeneity of soil evaporation is useful to evaluate the soil evaporation. Method A, B and C were proposed using mean meterological data and daily moisture variation and the computations were compared to eddy-covariance method and equilibrium evaporation. The methods using soil moisture data can describe the variations of soil evaporation from eddy-covariance through simple moving average analysis. Method B showed a good matched with eddy-covariance method. This indicated that Dry Surface Layer (DSL) at 14:00 which was used for method B is important variable for the evaluation of soil evaporation. The total equilibrium evaporation was not significantly different to those of the others. However, equilibrium evaporation showed a problem in estimating soil evaporation because the temporal tendency of $E_{equili}$ was not related with the those of the other methods. The improved understanding of the soil evaporation presented in this study will contribute to the understandings of water cycles in a forest hillslope.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.66-74
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• 2000

This study was carried out to introduce current status and development strategy for an environmental restoration of stream side in Japan, and to consider a methodology which could be effectively applied for the environmental restoration of stream side in Korea. The strategy prospects of environmental restoration in Japan were summarized as follows: 1. We should establish a new paradigm of forest road, forest conservation and erosion control which can emphasize the restoration of the streamside ecosystem and reduce the effects of soil movement change in the areas. And we should maintain the biotic habitats to conserve native biotic community when we practice forest road, forest conservation and erosion control works. 2. In the point of view ecological conservation aspects, we should evaluate the effects of new forest conservation and erosion control methods which is emphasized on the restoration of the streamside ecosystem to apply desirable methodology to the environmental restoration of the streamside area. 3. In the past, the objective of forest conservation and erosion control was to fix a soil by construction of permanent structures. Whereas, the direction of future's forest conservation and erosion control needs to change new forest conservation and erosion control technology to prevent large scale soil movement but allow small scale soil movement to conserve sound ecosystem and biotic habitats. 4. The restoration of the streamside ecosystem should provide continuity of the streamside environment which allows desirable biological habitats, and environmentally sound facilities to harmonize the environment.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제112권1호
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• pp.23-31
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• 2023

산림생산력의 예측은 지속가능한 산림경영이나 산림생태계서비스 증진을 위한 산림관리에 필수적인 것으로 알려져 있다. 본 연구는 전국 112개 신갈나무 임분을 대상으로 입지 및 토양 특성의 속성변수를 이용하여 지위 추정 모형을 개발하였다. 신갈나무 임분의 지위지수는 입지 및 토양 특성을 독립변수 한 일반최소제곱(Ordinary Least Squares, OLS) 및 부분최소제곱(Partial Least Squares, PLS) 회귀모형을 이용하여 유의적인 추정(P<0.05)이 가능하였다. 지위추정 회귀모형의 수정 결정계수(adjusted R²)는 입지 및 토양단면 속성변수의 회귀모형(A층: R²=0.29; B: R²=0.32)이, 토양 물리·화학적특성의 속성변수(A층: R²=0.09; B층: R²=0.21)보다 높게 나타났다. 한편, PLS 회귀모형(R²=0.20~0.32)은 OLS 회귀모형(R²=0.09~0.31)에 비해 지위지수 추정식의 설명력이 높았다. 본 연구로부터 신갈나무 임분의 입지 및 토양 특성을 이용한 지위 추정 회귀 모형이 개발되었으나, 결정계수 값이 낮아 회귀모형의 설명력을 향상시킬 수 있는 새로운 변수 개발이 필요할 것으로 사료되었다.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.331-341
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• 2014

The present study is an attempt to give an account of the inventory of plant species, phytosociological characteristics of vegetation and pedological characteristics of Rambi Beat Forest under Senchal East Forest Zone, Darjeeling, West Bengal, India. Its plant community were analyzed quantitatively and synthetically. The results reflect dominancy of dicotyledons over monocotyledons in the four studied sites The plant community comprising of 50 plant species belonging to 40 genera of 27 families. Ramhi beat reflected higher diversity of species. Maximum IVI value was recorded by Viola surpense (47.17) in Rambhi forest beat. The Berger parker index and evenness index were found to be highest for Viola surpense, Fragaria nubicola, Pilea umbrosa in Rambhi beat. The soil characteristics of the different pedons revealed alkaline nature of soil in Rambhi beat. Higher levels of soil organic carbon content reflect higher fertility of the soil of Rambhi beat. The response towards soil available nitrogen and phosphate were different among the ten pedons of Rambhi beat. Therefore, proper management and conservative measures needs to be implemented for conservation of bioresources in Senchel wildlife Sanctuary of West Bengal, India.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• 제26권6호
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• pp.327-333
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• 2003

A mixed forest of pines (Pines densiflora and Pinus rigida) and an oak forest (Quercus mongolica) in Mt. Kwanak in Seoul were limed with 1.5 t/ha and 3 t/ha of dolomite in 1993 and investigated the effects of liming on the chemical changes in the 0-5 cm and 5∼10 cm layers of soil from 1994 to 1995. Soil pH values were greater in the limed plots than in the control plot by the unit of 0.1-0.6 in the pine forest and 0.1∼0.2 in the oak forest. Ca concentrations in the limed plots were greater than those in the control plots in both the pine and oak forests. A considerable increase in Mg concentrations in soil was observed in the limed plots. K and Na concentrations in the limed plots appeared to decrease in both the pine and oak forests two years after liming. Although Al concentrations were greater in the limed plots than in the control plot in the pine forest in 1994, there was a tendency of a decrease in the concentration of this metal in the limed plots in 1995. Mn concentrations also tended to decrease in the limed plots in both the pine and oak forests.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제94권6호
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• pp.496-503
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• 2005

본 연구는 2004년 9월에서 10월까지 경기도 광릉시험림내 국립산림과학원 산림수문 유역시험지인 전나무 인공림에서 수목의 증산에 의해 나타나는 수액이동량과 토양수분장력 및 토양함수율의 변화를 조사하고, 이들 간의 상호작용을 밝히기 위하여 수행되었다. 대상지인 전나무림은 1976년 조림지로서 1996년 2월부터 7월까지 1차 간벌과 가지치기를 실시하였으며 2004년 4월에 2차 간벌과 가지치기를 실시하였다. 수액이동량은 수액유속계로 측정하였으며, 토양수분장력은 사면부와 계류부에 텐시오미터를 설치하여 조사하였다. 토양함수량은 사면부에 10, 30, 50 cm 깊이로 TDR을 매설하여 관측하였으며, 각 조사항목들은 30분단위로 측정하여 데이터로거에 저장하였다. 조사기간 동안 일일 평균수액이동량은 10.16l이고, 최대는 15.09l, 최소는 0.01l였다. 시간별로는 9시부터 수액이동량이 증가하기 시작하여 13시에 최대치인 30분당 0.74l에 달하였으며, 15시까지 그 값이 유지된 후 급감하기 시작하여 19시를 지나면서 0으로 수렴하였고 야간에는 수액이동이 거의 없었다. 강우시에는 주간에도 수액이동량이 거의 없는 것으로 나타났다. 토양수분장력은 사면에서 평균 $-141.3cmH_2O$, $-52.9cmH_2O$, $-134.2cmH_2O$로 낮았으며, 계류부 사이의 완경사지에서 평균$-6.1cmH_2O$, $-18.0cmH_2O$ and $-3.7cmH_2O$로 높게 나타났다. 특히 토양수분에 대한 강우의 영향이 감소된 후 사면의 토양수분장력은 수목의 증산에 따라 일주기성을 나타내어 수액이동량이 증가하면 토양수분장력이 낮아지고 수액이동량이 감소하면 토양수분장력이 높아지는 경향을 보였으나, 계류부에서는 수액이동량의 영향을 파악할 수 없었다. 토양함수율은 강수 종료 후 지속적으로 감소하였으며, 사면부의 토양수분장력과 같이 증산에 따른 일주기성을 나타내어 주간에는 토양함수율이 감소하였고 수액의 이동이 거의 없는 야간에는 함수율이 유지되거나 또는 소폭 상승하는 경향이 나타났다. 이상의 결과로 수액이동량의 변화에 따른 토양수분의 변화는 사면부와 계류부에서 다르게 나타나는 것을 알 수 있었다.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• 제26권5호
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• pp.289-296
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• 2003

The ecological process-based approach provides a detailed assessment of belowground compartment as one of the major compartment of carbon balance. Carbon net balance (NEP: net ecosystem production) in forest ecosystems by ecological process-based approach is determined by the balance between net primary production (NPP) of vegetation and heterotrophic respiration (HR) of soil (NEP=NPP-HR). Respiration due to soil heterotrophs is the difference between total soil respiration (SR) and root respiration (RR) (HR=SR-RR, NEP=NPP-(SR-RR)). If NEP is positive, it is a sink of carbon. This study assessed the forest carbon balance by ecological process-based approach included belowground compartment intensively. The case study in the Takayama Station, cool-temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest was reported. From the result, NEP was estimated approximately 1.2 t C $ha^{-1} yr^{-1}$ in 1996. Therefore, the study area as a whole was estimated to act as a sink of carbon. According to flux tower result, the net uptake rate of carbon was 1.1 t C $ha^{-1} yr^{-1}$.