• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.89 no.5
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• pp.645-654
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• 2000

The aim of this study was to described the genetic structure of Eleutherococcus senticosus in Korea. We investigated 10 patches, which are eight Korean patches and two foreign patches come from Russia and China growing at Korean habitat, using ISSR(inter-simple sequence repeats) markers. In ISSR PCR, the overall percentage of polymorphic ISSR amplicons was 76% and the mean number of amplicons per ISSR primer was 11.5, which were higher than the RAPD results for the some cultivars collected in Korea(Kim et al., 1998) ; 57% and 5.7, respectively. So ISSR markers provide more powerful tool than RAPD markers for the investigation of genetic variation in E. senticosus. There are relatively high genetic variation among patches as 62.8%, but low variation within eight Korean patches. Such pattern of genetic variation, which is not ordinary in other tree species, may be result from the narrow and limited habitats and the asexual reproduction of this species at the natural stands in Korea. Although the small sample size in this study seemed to be resulted in the high genetic variation among patches, the overall genetic interpretation of this study might not be much affected on the basis of the characteristics of the distribution and the reproduction system of E. senticosus. Analysis of genetic distance between all pairs of the patches did not reveal any trends with regard to geographic distance, which was confirmed by the results obtained from AMOVA(analysis of molecular variance) and PCA(principal component analysis). These results suggest that, in addition to the preservation of the natural stands, the conservation of larger number of patches with small number of individuals per patch is more effective for the ex situ conservation and for maintaining the genetic diversity of E. senticosus in Korea than smaller patches with large number of individuals.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.34 no.4 s.117
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• pp.61-68
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• 2006

A park will soon be developed in an area of Gwangjang-dong, Gwangjin-gu. The place has been a patch of green space for years, isolated by driveways and apartment complexes and abandoned. This article describes plans to infuse the abandoned green space with history, ecology, culture, and sports. The facilities that are to be constructed in and around the green space are positioned to take into account the path of the sun and the location of the curvilinear green space axis. The cultural space is planned as a centerpiece of the park, linked with the sports facilities. The overall framework is arranged in harmony with nearby elementary schools, parks, public facilities, athletic facilities, parking lots, and apartment complexes. The themed circulation route was constructed according to the environmental conditions and the spatial plan. In addition, the historical space is planned to work in close conjunction with the cultural space, and the streets and pedestrian pathways have characters of their own. The established contour lines will be carefully preserved, and an ecological pond will. The facilities, such as the outdoor performance stage, the outdoor art gallery, the Monument of Wind represented by a sail, and the pedestrian bridge in memory of Acha-sansung, are positioned for spatial balance and to provide a nexus. The bamboo forest, designed to foster the experience of sound effects, the architectural thematic plants, and the ecological pond are positioned to connect to each other around the greenspace axis. The main facilities are the outdoor theater, the bamboo forest, the Acha-sansung bridge, the Monument of Wind, the ecological pond, the four-season flower garden, parking lots, playgrounds, circulatory athletic pathways, and the tennis court.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.61-69
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• 2004

A long-term growth simulation was performed at 99 land units in Yeoncheon county to test the potential adaptability of each land unit for growing soybean cultivars. The land units for soybean cultivation(CZU), each represented by a geographically referenced land patch, were selected based on land use, soil characteristics, and minimum arable land area. Monthly climatic normals for daily maximum and minimum temperature, precipitation, number of rain days and solar radiation were extracted for each CZU from digital climate models(DCM). The DCM grid cells falling within a same CZU were aggregated to make spatially explicit climatic normals relevant to the CZU. A daily weather dataset for 30 years was randomly generated from the monthly climatic normals of each CZU. Growth and development parameters of CROPGRO-soybean model suitable for 2 domestic soybean cultivars were derived from long-term field observations. Three foreign cultivars with well established parameters were also added to this study, representing maturity groups 3, 4, and 5. Each treatment was simulated with the randomly generated 30 years' daily weather data(from planting to physiological maturity) for 99 land units in Yeoncheon to simulate the growth and yield responses to the inter-annual climate variation. The same model was run with input data from the Crop Experiment Station in Suwon to obtain a 30 year normal performance of each cultivar, which was used as a "reference" for evaluation. Results were analyzed with respect to spatial and temporal variation in yield and maturity, and used to evaluate the suitability of each land unit for growing a specific cultivar. A computer program(MAPSOY) was written to help utilize the results in a decision-making procedure for agrotechnology transfer. transfer.

• Spatial Information Research
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.251-259
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• 2009

As a result of the current trend towards promoting conservation of the ecosystem, there have been various studies conducted to determine ways to establish an ecological network. The development of analytical methods and an environmental database of GIS has made the creation of this network more efficient. This study focuses on the development of an urban spatial decision support system based on 'Landscape Ecology Theory'. The spatial decision support system suggested in this study consists of four stages. First, landscape patch for the core areas, which are major structures of the ecological network, was determined using the GIS overlay method. Second, a forest habitat was investigated to determine connectivity assessment. Using the gravity model, connectivity assessment at the habitat forest was conducted to select the needed connecting area. Third, the most suitable corridor routes for the eco-network were presented using the least-cost path analysis. Finally, a brief investigation was conducted to determine the conflict areas between the study result and landuse. The results of this study can be applied to urban green network planning. Moreover, the method developed in this study can be utilized to control urban sprawl, promote biodiversity.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.308-316
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• 2018

Background: Genus Sasa, dwarf bamboos, are considered to be species that lower biodiversity in the temperate forests of East Asia. Although they have a long interval, they, the monocarpic species, have a unique characteristic of large-scale synchronized flowering. Therefore, once they have flowered and then declined, it may be an opportunity for suppressed surrounding species. A previous study reported that Sasa borealis showed specialized flowering nationwide with a peak in 2015. However, this was based on data from a social network service and field survey at Mt. Jeombong. Therefore, we investigated S. borealis in the forests of five national parks in order to determine whether this rare synchronized flowering occurred nationwide, as well as its spatial distribution. Results: We found a total of 436 patches under the closed canopy of Quercus mongolica-dominated deciduous forests in the surveyed transects from the five national parks. Of these patches, 75% occupied a whole slope area, resulting in an enormous area. The patch area tended to be larger in the southern parks. Half (219 patches) of the patches flowered massively. Among them, 76% bloomed in 2015, which was consistent with the results of the previous report. The flowering rate varied from park to park with that of Mt. Seorak being the highest. The culms of the flowering patches were significantly taller (F = 93.640, p < 0.000) and thicker (F = 61.172, p < 0.000). Following the event, the culms of the flowering patches declined, providing a good opportunity for the suppressed plant species. The concurrent massive flowering of the mature patches was believed to be triggered by some stress such as a spring drought. Conclusion: We confirmed that the rare synchronized flowering of S. borealis occurred with a peak in 2015 nationwide. In addition, we explored that S. borealis not only monopolized an enormous area, but also dominated the floors of the late-successional Q. mongolica-dominated deciduous forests. This presents a major problem for Korean forests. As it declined simultaneously after flowering, there are both possibilities of forest regeneration or resettlement of S. borealis by massively produced seeds.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.90 no.1
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• pp.43-54
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• 2001

Genetic differentiation of populations is resulted from the environmental and the genetic effects, and the interactions between them. Whereas, the major factors influencing to the genetic differentiation within populations are the gene flow induced by seed or pollen dispersial, the microsite heterogeneity, and the density-dependent distribution of individuals. For the purpose of studying spatial genetic structure and the distribution pattern of Korean pines(Pinus koraiensis), we set up one $100{\times}100m$ plot at a Korean pine stand in Quercus mongolica community on Mt. Jumbong in Korea. To estimate the coefficient of spatial autocorrelation as Moran's index and an analogue, simple block distance, isozyme markers were analyzed in 325 Korean pines. For 11 polymorphic loci observed in 9 enzyme systems, the average percentage of polymorphic loci, the observed and expected heterozygocity were 72.2% 0.200, and 0.251, respectively. It was revealed the excess of homozygotes was observed in the plot, which suggests that here may be more number of consanguineous trees than expected. On the basis of isozyme genotypes observed in this study, 325 trees were classified into 147 groups in which the maximum number of trees for one group was 34. From the distance class of 24-32m, the genetic heterogeneity began to increase. The variation of simple block distance against the growth performance by tree height and diameter also showed the same trend at 24~32m class. According to high fixation index(F=0.204), the spatial genetic structure within a stand, the analysis of the growth performance, and the distribution patterns of identical genotypes, we inferred that the genetic structure of a Korean pine stand in Mt. Jumbong has been maintained rather density-dependent mechanism than the gene flow, such as the pollen dispersial or the heavy input of seeds following the forest gaps. The genetic patchy size was determined between 24~32m, which suggests that the selection of individuals for the ex situ conservation of Korean pine in Mt. Jumbong may be desirable to be made with the spatial distance over 37 meters between trees.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.461-469
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• 2006

As a frontier of Sustainable Basin Research Initiative, we commenced a scenario-driven planning and evaluation research project which is to identify the strategic policy scenarios. As a part of the project, this study attempts to estimate the ecological impacts of land cover changes using landscape indices at the whole basin level. We analyzed spatio-temporal characteristics of natural area including forest, agricultural land, water area, barren which play an important role in nature-friendly sustainable watershed management. The results of analysis shelved that the size and diversity of natural area have been reduced, while patch number and isolation have been increased in proportion to urbanization in 1974, 1995 and four future scenarios in the Ara River Basin. Also, we estimated that the natural area could be conserved to some degree in the SD or DE scenarios with a concept of environment-friendly development and lifestyle. Various strategic environment policies may be evaluated and designed on the basis of the method, that is, scenario approach and landscape ecological analysis suggested in this study.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.259-276
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• 2011

Short-term land cover changes, such as forest fire scar and crop harvesting, can be detected by high temporal resolution satellite imagery like MODIS and AVHRR. Because these optical satellite images are often obscured by clouds, the static cloud-free composite methods (maximum NDVI, minblue, minVZA, etc.) has been used based on non-overlapping composite period (8-day, 16-day, or a month). Due to relatively long time lag between successive images, these methods are not suitable for observing short-term land cover changes in near-real time. In this study, we suggested a new dynamic cloud-free composite algorithm that uses cut-and-patch method of cloud-masked daily MODIS data using MOD35 products. Because this dynamic composite algorithm generates daily cloud-free MODIS images with the most recent information, it can be used to monitor short-term land cover changes in near-real time. The dynamic composite algorithm also provides information on the date of each pixel used in compositing, thereby makes accurately identify the date of short-term event.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.65 no.5
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• pp.88-102
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• 2015

The purpose of this study is to investigate the examples of using illustration as a strategic factor of composing brand cultures and as a factor for brand identity design. Through analyzing the external characteristics and the internal characteristics of illustration, this study will give suggestions on ways to apply the examples to real design. Illustration in external characteristics is investigated as a case of applying it directly to fashion design and to fashion marketing. Most of the fashion items were printed or weaved and most of the bags, shoes, and accessories were printed on the cover, attached as a patch, and expressed three-dimensionally. Illustration in internal characteristics is investigated as fixing and expansion of brand image, improving artistic and emotional value of brand, vitalization of masstige items, and cultural support and expression of social responsibility. The three themes used to develop the illustrations of "Hello ZIBI", which was used in this study, were "Graphic", "Forest" and "Flower", and these were based on modified brand symbol. Casual brands grafted fashion item designs onto T-shirts, bags, hats, and scarves. Marketing items were designed as shopping bags that could reflect brand image, as well as other items, such as key holders, mug cups, and tumblers, with designs that targeted specific age groups.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.30 no.10
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• pp.779-787
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• 2021

This study analyzes structural landscape changes over a time-series for a small and medium-sized city, Gangneung-Si, based on area and distribution patterns, and according to the type of land cover. Among the types of land cover, the area ratio of urbanized areas increased by 2.02% in the late 2010s as compared to the late 1980s, while there was a decrease of 2.69% in farmland and 0.69% in grassland areas. On analyzing the changes in land cover use by applying the Fragstats program, it was confirmed that landscape changes in urban and management areas were relatively severe according to the Landscape Shape Index, Largest Patch Index, and Aggregation Index. A pattern of concentrated expansion was also found around certain areas. In particular, from the analysis, it was established that the proportion of urbanized area had considerably increased and that the extent of farmland damage to management areas, including planned management areas, was large. Additionally, the Total Core Area generally indicated a reduction in the core areas of farmland and forest within urban and management areas. A medium-sized city showed significant changes besides large cities in terms of landscape structure. The developmental pressure on management areas, in particular, was quite high.