• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.1-17
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• 2004

The focus of this study is the promotion of green area volumes and their naturalness, water circulation system, decline of entropy, creation of biological habitats and linkage of separated urban green space. Re-presentative urban biotope survey sites were categorized as urban biotope, semi-natural biotope, and natural forest. In the urban biotope, a residential biotope was constructed near the Han river and in mountain areas. The green-area ratio at the housing complex was about 25%. GVZ(Grunvolumenzahl) was 0.35m$^3$/m$^2$ at the 5∼10-story housing complex, and 1.53m$^3$/m$^2$ over the 11-story. As for the green-area structure of the housing complex, canopy layer, understory layer, and shrub layer were not differentiated and the green-area volume was not high enough. The green-area ratio of school areas as a public area biotope was 5∼20%. GVZ was 1.12m$^3$/m$^2$ at Myungduk High School, and 1.78m$^3$/m$^2$ at Jeonggok Elementary School. In order to convert the urban biotope into an ecological area, green areas around the buildings should be connected to urban buffer green areas, and multi-layer structures should be established with natural plant species. In the semi-natural biotope, neighbor parks were created park in the vicinity of the natural forests. GVZ was 0.28m$^3$/m$^2$, and plantation was established with single layer structure and was definitely insufficient for the area. The urban buffer green areas have been established in strip corridors with the width of 20∼123m. In those areas, GVZ was 0.16∼0.27m$^3$/m$^2$ and had a deficient canopy layer, understory layer, and shrub layer. Soil conditions were not favorable for tree growth. In the natural biotope, GVZ of the plantation was 1.03∼1.5m$^3$/m$^2$ but the high crown closure of this area reduces the chance of species change and succession. GVZ of natural forest was 2.53∼2.57m$^3$/m$^2$. It is desirable to plant diverse plants and the natural forest should be succeeded by broad-leaf deciduous tree species. To improve the value of biotope at Kangseo-Gu, building height needs to be limited to reduce the environmental deterioration in the city. In order to maintain the water circulation system, water-permeable material is recommened when the urban surface areas are paved. The establishment of a water circulation system will improve ground water levels, soil moisture, water quality, and habitats. In order to improve biological diversity, it is desirable to have multi-layer structures in urban green areas with native species.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.31-42
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• 2003

This study looked at worked on remaining landscapes in terms of landscape ecology. It presented some ways to conserve and to activate remaining landscapes with examples of agricultural lands in Hwa-won Gun, Ok-po Myun. The results are as follows: We investigated 20 remaining landscape types and 90 remaining landscapes, and classified them in terms of forest and water zones. To evaluate the investigated remaining landscapes, we produced a grading system using 8 criteria such as vitality, stability, field suitability, type of inner scenery formation, connection, recreation, and culture/tradition. Our evaluation of the vitality found that Grade I had the mast remaining landscapes; Grade II had 28, Grade III had 16, Grade V had four, and Grade IV had none. We evaluated the outer landscape influence using 3 criteria such as divisibility, vitality, and indication. We found from evaluating the type of inner scenery formation that most of the landscapes superior to Grade III were adjacent to water zones and that linear landscapes evaluated as Grade I, and II played an important role in this connection. We evaluated the recreation probability using marks, frequencies, and emergencies of peculiar types. Based on the results, we proposed some ways to conserve and to activate the remaining landscapes classified by grades using the results of the last evaluation. Additionally, we proposed some ways to activate the restoration of the linear axis of the green space function the formation of a buffer green space around matric space, the improvement of the axis of the green space center, and the formation of additional green tracts of land to play the role of stepping stones. We proposed the possibility of improving uniformed farm land structures. This study did not consider the weighting values of the evaluation index. Therefore a more objective study will be needed with an expert-survey in the future.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.51-59
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• 1999

This study was conducted to evaluate the functions of green spaces for the environment amelioration in Chongju City. The results obtained from this study were as follows; 1. Total amounts of $SO_2$ and $NO_2$ which can be absorbed by green spaces in Chongju City from EPA model were calculated as 27,655 tons and l,551 tons per year, respectively. 2. It was estimated that more green spaces were needed to mitigate the effect of air pollutants emitted from industrial complex at Songjung-Dong, Bokdae-Dong and Sachang-Dong in Chongju City. This is acquired as a result of overlaying the map of administrative district, forest state, and $SO_2$ isoline using GIS method. 3. The amounts of green spaces and the selection of their proper location have to be considered at the stage of city planning and in this case, the amounts of air pollutants are also considered.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.32-41
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• 2001

The purpose of this study is to assess naturalness of each and use type for Daegu and provide the basic data for urban green space planning. The results are as follows: 1) As a result of periodic analysis, It is known that in the 1400´s that the rate of a-/oligo-/meso-hemeroby was over 90% of that area, in which naturalness was very high. By the 2020´s, the population will increase to about 3,500,000 and the occupation rae of meat-and poly-hemeroby, where naturalness is very low, is expected to increase rapidly. 2) The recent land uses of Daegu are divided ito 17 types. In the survey of a occupation rate of each land use type, a forest are occupies 48.8% of the entire area. The military installation zone is lowest with 0.07%. 3) Investigation of a dominant hemeroby grade in each land use type showed that the urban complex area in characterized by meta-hemeroby : and the space for pavement and building construction where naturalness is lowest. On the other hand, oligo-hemeroby that is worth being preserved was surveyed to be dominant in woodlands and natural forests. 4) In the analysis of hemeroby mapping in the process of a green space planning, it is clear that hemeroby will be used a s a tool that assesses the suitability for recreation activity of each sample case. For example, it enables a poly-hemeroby region to be utilized as a near-natural recreation area including $\beta$-and $\alpha$-euhemeroby region in Daegu. Besides, hemeroby can provide basic data to make a value judgement of each sample case with a view to preservation of nature.

• Journal of Korea Spatial Information System Society
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.33-38
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• 2009

Since the beginning of 2000, the ubiquitous technology rapidly has been at center of public concerns, and application of the ubiquitous technology is expanding in Korea with U-City as the center. U-City is currently planned and built by local governments, but the applicable range of the ubiquitous technology should be expanded in the future to build U-Territory and U-Land projects. As a part of this, U-forest should also be implemented, and that now is the time to gain support in policy and systematic initiative. Therefore, this study defines U-Forest concept to implement valuable national resources, healthy land environment, and pleasant green space by using ubiquitous technology as an effective way to produce, manage, use, and distribute the forest. In order to establish strategy for U-Forest, it has considered basic forest plan, k-Forest, and FGIS projects, and has drawn a service model pertaining to them. Also, it has proposed the need to establish the basic plan for U-Forest, and suggested details to include in the plan.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.119-130
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• 1998

The purposes of this study were to investigate vegetation structure and to present management plan of mountain type green space in Kangwhado, Inchon. The actual vegetation in survey sites(11,331ha) was divided into 19 community types. It was consisted of secondary forest(92.32%) which was Quercus acutissima, Pinus densiflora-Q. acutissima, and Q. mongolica community so on. Artificial planting forest area, such as Robinia pseudoacacia and Pinus rigida forest and others, was 5.40%(612ha) and it was less than cases in other cities in the Metropolitan area. According to the classification by TWINSPAN, 57 survey plots were divided into seven community types; P rigida(community A), Q. acutissima(community B) P. densiflora-Q. acutissima(community C), Q. acutissima-P. densiflora (community D), P. densiflora-Carpinus laxiflora-Q. serrata-Q. acutissima(community E), Q. serrata-Q. mongolica(community F), and Zelkova serrata-Acer mono(community G). From this result, ecological succession trend of vegetation in this area seems to be change from P. densiflora forest through Q. acutissima forest to Q. mongolica, Q. serrata, and C. laxiflora forest. It was similar to the ordinary successional trend of temperate deciduous forest in middle area, Korea. In addition, this study area was showed acid soil(pH 4.17). Therefore, there is a need for managing the soil environment for effective vegetation management.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.26-38
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• 1993

The purpose of this study was to suggest objective basic data for landscape research which cotained interdiciplinary approach between ecological and psychophysical method. For this, the naturalness and preference in greenary space, spatial image structure of physical elements have been analyzed by correlation coefficient and factor analysis algorithm. The results are as follows; 1. The relation between the estimation of naturalness and the preference in natural forest was deeply correlated. And the estimation of naturalness was higher than the estimation of DGN(Degree of Green Naturality). 2. The estimation of naturalnesss was decided by the physical features of forest and was different from the DGN. 3. Factors covering the spatial image of the forests have been found to be the 'overall evaluation', 'ability', 'naturalness' and 'idiosyncracy'. By using the control method for the number of factors, T.V. has been obtained as 61.68%. 4. The factors of the 'overall evauation', 'naturalness' were found to be the main factors determining the visual preference of greenary space.

• Hwankyungkyoyuk
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.35-49
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to investigate satisfaction of student, adult and forest interpreters about facilities and program of children's garden, which was constructed as edutainment space within Korea National Arboretum on May 2011. The results are as follows. First, an information about construction of children's garden should be provided actively, because 70.8% student and 68.6% adult of respondent did not know existence of children's garden. Second, it has been analysed that a fundamental conception of GREEN-I be reflected in construction children's garden, especially, reflecting conception of Enjoy and Edutainment was comparatively high. Third, It was found that ecological experiencing activities program of children's garden was positively to develop environmental literacy for student. Fourth, It was found that satisfaction of uncommon planting area was very low among planting area and satisfaction of forest interpreters was very low about place of ecological experience learning using five senses. Finally, for effective operation of children's garden, children's garden should be provided planting for environmental education connected with the school curriculum and ecological experiencing activities program to enjoy time with the family. Therefore, these results will be applied to improve children's garden and could be applied to construct other children's garden in botanical gardens.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.11 no.4 s.29
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• pp.47-57
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• 2005

The goal of this research is to evaluate landscape-ecological characteristics of watersheds in the Nakdong River Basin by using Geogaphic Information System (GIS) and landscape indices for integation of spatio-temporal informations and multivariate statistical techniques for quantitative analysis of forest landscape. Fragmentation index and change matrix techniques using factor analysis and grid overlay method were used to efficiently analyze and manage huge amount of information for ecological-environmental assessment (land-cover and forest landscape patterns). According to the results based on the pattern analysis of land-cover changes using the change detection matrix between 1980s and 1990s, addition on 750km$^2$ became urbanized areas. The altered 442.04km$^2$ was agricultural areas which is relatively easy for shifting of land-use, and 205.1km$^2$ of forests became urbanized areas, and average elevation and slope of the whole altered areas were 75m and 4$^{\circ}$. On the other hand, 120km$^2$ of urban areas were changed into other areas (i.e., agricultural areas and green space), and fortunately, certain amount of naturalness had been recovered. But still those agricultural areas and fallow areas, which were previously urban areas, had high potential of re-development for urbanization due to their local conditions. According to the structural analysis of forest landscape using the landscape indices, the forest fragmentation of watersheds along the main stream of the Nakdong River was more severe than my other watersheds. Furthermore, the Nakdong-sangju and Nakdong-miryang watersheds had unstable forest structures as well as least amount of forest quantity. Thus, these areas need significant amount of forest through a new forest management policy considering local environmental conditions.

• Journal of the Semiconductor & Display Technology
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.12-18
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• 2024

The accelerated pace of climate crisis due to continuous industrialization and greenhouse gas emissions necessitates sustainable solutions that simultaneously address mitigation and adaptation to climate change. Naturebased Solutions (NbS) have gained prominence as viable approaches, with Green Infrastructure being a representative NbS. Green Infrastructure involves securing green spaces within urban areas, providing diverse climate adaptation functions such as removal of various air pollutants, carbon sequestration, and isolation. The proliferation of Green Infrastructure is influenced by the quantification of improvement effects related to various projects. To support decision-making by assessing the climate vulnerability of Green Infrastructure, the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) has developed i-Tree Tools. This study proposes a comprehensive evaluation approach for climate change adaptation types by quantifying the climate adaptation performance of urban Green Infrastructure. Using i-Tree Canopy, the analysis focuses on five urban green spaces covering more than 30 hectares, considering the tree ratio relative to the total area. The evaluation encompasses aspects of thermal environment, aquatic environment, and atmospheric environment to assess the overall eco-friendliness in terms of climate change adaptation. The results indicate that an increase in the tree ratio correlates with improved eco-friendliness in terms of thermal, aquatic, and atmospheric environments. In particular, it is necessary to prioritize consideration of the water environment sector in order to realize climate change adaptive green infrastructure, such as increasing green space in urban areas, as it has been confirmed that four out of five target sites are specialized in improving the water environment.