• 기술혁신학회지
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.1225-1249
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• 2005

This study aims at investigating whether foreign direct investment plays a role as a channel of international technology diffusion. We used the annual panel data from 1980 to 2002. The nonstationary panel techniques, in particular group mean panel FMOLS(fully modified OLS) was exploited as an empirical methodology in order to tackle the heterogeneity between members and low frequency. The empirical results show that inflow direct investments lead to an increase in total factor productivity and economic growth. Also outflow direct investments contribute to an higher total factor productivity and economic growth. These results confirms that both inflow and outflow direct investments are important channels for international technology diffusion or spillover.

• East Asian Economic Review
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.29-54
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• 2014

The purpose of this research is to identify the relation between OFDI (Outward Foreign Direct Investment) and wage inequality. In order to analyze various effects of OFDI on wages depending on the types of workers, the research classified laborers into four categories: permanent/skilled worker, permanent/unskilled worker, temporary/skilled worker, and temporary/unskilled worker. With controlling wage-determining factors such as education, labor union, individual fixed-effect, and industry-level effect, this paper examines whether OFDI attributes to the wage inequality among each type of workers. Moreover, this study also analyzes possible effects on wages that could vary according to the different characteristics of investments by classifying OFDI into two groups: OECD and non-OECD. The results reveal that OFDI makes certain differences according to skill-intensity and contract type in terms of influences on wages. It also shows that the effect of OFDI on wages is more subject to contract type than to skill-intensity. The classification of OFDI into OECD and non-OECD proves that effects on wages can vary by characteristics of the subject of investment.

• 유통과학연구
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.35-43
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• 2015

Purpose - This study aims to seek various plans to maintain the advancement of the overseas and domestic employment scenario through a case analysis of the Japanese industry, which maintains domestic employment while promoting the overseas advancement of companies despite having a similar industrial structure as Korea. The study further intends to derive insightful implications for Japanese manufacturing companies and government policies. Research design, data, and methodology - We selected four companies from the Japanese manufacturing industry. Being companies that were successful in increasing the domestic employment scenario while advancing in overseas markets. We utilized several secondary data sources including Japanese newspapers and report literature. Results - Previous studies have shown a negative relationship between Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) or offshoring and domestic employment. However, our results showed this relationship with respect to the Japanese manufacturing industry as follows: 1. FDI for developing overseas markets does not decrease domestic production. If Japanese companies change their strategy from exports to overseas production, there will be a consequent decrease in domestic employment of Multinational Enterprises (MNEs). However, the local production that plans the sales expansion of a foreign market does not substitute domestic production. 2. Several case studies illustrate that, as the production of final goods is expanded in foreign countries, there is a corresponding increase in the export of intermediary goods from Japan. In this case, if the production process of Japanese companies is promoted in foreign markets, the amount of exported material and parts from Japan will consequently increase. 3. It is difficult to consider that the establishment of subsidiary companies in foreign countries by manufacturing companies for wholesale, retail, and services decreases domestic employment. This is because the international development of these industries needs expatriates, expatriate training organizations, and research and development (R&D) activities. 4. When there is overseas demand, the growth of local management activities is expected to increase the work of the overseas business department in the head office in Japan, if competitiveness can be secured for better localization and management speed. 5. The conversion of the domestic manufacturing industry into high value-added production is necessary. The relocation of domestic production to foreign markets decreases domestic employment. To prevent this, the upgradation of domestic production bases, including high value-added production, and R&D capability need to be strengthened. Technology-based companies must develop new technology, patents, processes, and so forth, which require extensive human resources for R&D. Conclusions - Domestic medium-sized companies that are capable of consistently supplying high value-added products should be actively encouraged to deploy into and develop overseas markets. Further, this paper considers the necessity of a guidance policy that provides suggestions for overseas deployment, by the initiation of the government, to companies that cannot do so due to the lack of foreign experience or decisions by the CEO, despite having the relevant capability and technologies to supply high value-added products.

• 자원ㆍ환경경제연구
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.519-542
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• 2012

본 논문은 EU ETS 기간 전과 후를 비교함으로써 탄소누출이 일어났는가를 실증적으로 분석하였다. 해외직접투자를 탄소누출의 지표로 활용하여 EU 11개국을 대상으로 한 1995년부터 2009년까지의 패널데이터를 이용하여 생산비용과 환경비용과의 패널 분석을 하였다. 시장 추구형 해외직접효과도 아울러 고려하여 해외시장잠재력도 아울러 고려하였다. 본 분석에 의하면 제조업을 대상으로 한 일부모형에서 탄소누출이 확인되었다. 하지만 다양한 모형에서 일관되게 확인되지 않아서 EU 배출권거래제를 전후하여 탄소누출이 뚜렷하게 일어났다고 단정하기는 힘들다. 비교적 데이터의 시계열이 짧음에도 불구하고 일부모형에서 탄소누출이 검증되었다는 사실을 볼 때 향후 국내 배출권거래제 도입시 우리나라도 탄소누출의 가능성을 염두에 두고 배출권거래제 제도를 설계해야 할 것이다.

• 한국경제지리학회지
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.93-115
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• 2007

기업의 이윤창출 전략은 기업의 지리적 활동 및 사업 범위와 관련된 국가의 체제 및 경제발전 전략에 따라 차별적으로 나타나기 때문에 공간적 맥락과 제품 특성에 따라 기업의 차별적 이윤 창출이 수반된다. 이와 마찬가지로 한국 투자기업들의 이윤창출 전략은 전환경제의 발전경로, 제도적 환경 변화, 투자기업의 생산 제품 특성에 따라 지리적 차별성을 수반하고 있다. 이러한 맥락에서 본 연구는 한국 대 베트남 섬유 의류 직접투자 기업의 가치사슬 및 네트워크 유형과 특성 분석을 통하여 베트남 체제전환 과정에 나타난 제도적 역동성에 따른 해외직접투자 기업 네트워크의 정체성을 분석하고자 한다. 분석 결과, 한국 대 베트남 섬유 의류 투자기업의 가치사슬 유형은 세계 섬유 의류 상품 사슬 상에 전형적으로 나타나는 구매자 주도형 가치사슬 거버넌스가 지배적이지만, 베트남 사회주의 체제의 유산인 관료 중심주의에 조응하기 위해 형성된 호혜적 관계는 베트남 사회주의 체제의 유산이 암묵적으로 제도화 되어 있음을 의미하고, 한국 투자기업 네트워크는 이러한 암묵적 제도화에 의도적이지 않게 착근되어 있는 특징을 보이고 있다.

• East Asian Economic Review
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.71-97
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• 2015

This study examines the effects of several factors indicating economic openness-imported intermediate goods, total imports, IFDI (inward foreign direct investment), and foreign ownership-on regular, irregular jobs and the ratio of irregular employment to regular employment. Findings revealed that imported intermediate inputs and IFDI affected neither regular nor irregular job figures. However, an increase in total imports led to a decrease in the number of irregular jobs without affecting regular full time jobs, leading to a decrease in the ratio of irregular jobs to regular jobs. On the other hand, changes in foreign ownership structure had a contrary effect, that is, a decrease in the number of regular jobs and an increase in irregular ones, and, thus, an increase in the ratio of irregular jobs to regular jobs. Overall results showed that a rise in imports results in depressed overall employment, irregular employment in particular, while more IFDI results in more irregular jobs replacing regular ones, effectively exacerbating job insecurity. The implication of this analysis is that greater economic openness may have a negative impact on the South Korean labor market overall.

• 수완나부미
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.303-343
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• 2024

Globalization and the flow of foreign direct investment (FDI) in the post-pandemic context continue to play a critical role in shaping the workforce of emerging countries. In Vietnam, evidence obtained during the pandemic revealed that the well-being of employees, especially migrant workers, was extremely poor due to both work and non-work factors. This paper examines the most significant factors that impact the well-being of workers employed by various FDI companies in two Vietnamese industrial parks. The survey evidence (n=200) shows that worker well-being is influenced by seven key factors categorized in three dimensions, namely material stressors, social stressors, and human stressors. A further qualitative analysis of 60 participants provides an understanding of the ways in which each factor affects workers' well-being and how elements of well-being in the Vietnamese context are different compared with other countries. Low salaries, lack of social support, work-life imbalance due to job demands, and the interplay between these three determinants significantly affect the overall well-being of workers. In the current business climate, it is important to have well-targeted policies that encourage high-tech investments as well as persuade domestic firms to address low salaries and economic migration. To manage valuable human resources and keep competitive advantages, foreign firms need to authentically implement corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives focusing on workers' benefits, especially providing workforce housing. This will bring about win-win outcomes of improved employee well-being and business sustainability.

• 통상정보연구
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.77-109
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• 2009

The purpose of this study is to review the current trend of FDIs by Korean companies into EU, and to present the optimal strategies for them to combine their firm-specific factors and FDI attractiveness of the regions in EU. The companies are divided into two categories, SMEs and large enterprises. The regions of EU are composed of 15 incumbent members before the fifth enlargement in 2004 and 12 new members. Large Korean companies tend to make large investments in 15 incumbent members with stable and mature markets. Korean SMEs, by contrast, mainly invest on small scales in the new members due to the lack of their available inner resources and knowledge for the markets. The main objects of the investments in EU by the large Korean companies are to gain more market share and to acquire the advanced technologies. Although such goals are also important for the SMEs, the most important objects for the investments by Korean SMEs in EU are usually to enter EU markets and to take advantage of the relatively cheap labor forces for the efficient operations. The effects of such passive strategies by the SMEs, however, are expected to extinct because the cost advantages in regions of the new EU members will not last in the long term, so the SMEs must take longer views for the choice of locations. Many empirical results suggest that the optimal FDI strategies for the Korean companies in EU could be worked mainly by more aggressive localization policy of companies and by the cooperations of SMEs and large enterprises for the reduction in costs of foreignness.

• 동남아시아연구
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.115-159
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• 2018

본 논문은 베트남 63개 지방성들의 정치행정 및 경제 거버넌스의 2차원 분포를 외국인직접투자 규모, 도시화율과 인구밀도, 그리고 북중부 해안지역이라는 세 가지 요인으로 설명한다. 두 차원의 거버넌스 수준이 모두 높은 성들은 우선 외국인직접투자가 상당한 규모로 이루어져 경제 거버넌스가 발전했지만 동시에 그 규모가 아주 큰 수준은 아니어서 정치행정 거버넌스의 악화 현상이 일어나지 않은 경우에 해당한다. 또 대체로 도시화 수준도 높고 인구밀도 또한 높아 이에 따라 경제와 정치행정 두 차원의 거버넌스가 동시에 높은 경향을 나타낸다. 정치행정 거버넌스 지수는 높은 반면 경제 거버넌스는 낮은 경우에 해당하는 성들은 대개 외국인직접투자 유치 실적이 그리 높지 않아 경제 거버넌스는 크게 발전하지 못했으나 일정 정도 투자가 일어나면서 그로인해 정치행정 거버넌스 실적이 향상된 경우들이다. 이들은 또 도시화 수준이 낮으면서 동시에 인구밀도가 높은 특징들을 보인다. 앞의 두 경우엔 또한 북중부 해안지역에 위치해 있는 성들이 포함되어 있다. 이 지역의 역사문화적 특수성으로 이 성들의 정치행정 거버넌스는 다른 요인들로 설명되는 것 이상으로 높은 편이다. 두 차원의 거버넌스가 모두 뒤쳐진 경우들은 이 성들이 외국인직접투자 규모가 미미할 뿐 아니라 도시화 수준도 낮은 상태에 머물러 있고 인구의 밀집 정도도 낮은 특성들을 보인다는 점으로 설명된다. 마지막으로 경제 거버넌스는 앞섰으나 정치행정 거버넌스는 뒤쳐진 경우에 속하는 성들은 대체로 아주 높은 규모의 외국인직접투자를 유치해 왔다. 이 덕분에 경제 거버넌스는 높은 수준으로 발전한 반면 정치행정 거버넌스는 외국인직접투자의 부정적 효과로 인해 오히려 퇴행을 겪게 된다. 또 이 성들은 대체로 도시화 수준은 높지만 인구밀도는 그리 높지 않은 편이다.

• 한국경제지리학회지
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• 제2권1_2호
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• pp.145-167
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• 1999

본 논문의 목적은 (1) 한국 가전 대기업들의 진입과 퇴출과정을 유럽통합과 확대과정의 맥락에서 살펴보는데 있으며, (2) 그 과정이 각기 다른 지리적 규모(세계적, 지역적(EU), 국가적, 지방적 규모)와 얼마나 역설적으로 상호 얽혀있는가를 밝히는데 있다. 1980년대 이후 급격하게 증가된 한국 가전 대기업들의 對EU 해외직접투자는 EU의 강화된 무역지역주의에 대응한 결과였다. 이러한 방어적 투자는 관련 대기업의 계열사들 및 중소협력업체들의 시기적으로 다른 진입을 통하여 이루어 졌으며, 결과적으로 EU내 기업전략으로써 방어적 유럽화를 창출시키는 계기가 되었다. 그럼에도 불구하고, 방어적 진입은 이후 대기업들의 생산의 일부가 (1) EU 무역규제의 변화에 민감하게 반응하면서, (2) EU내 투자유치 지역에서의 비용경쟁력유지에 실패함으로써 (입지이전을 통한) 퇴출로 이어졌다. 결국, 한국 대기업들의 진입과 퇴출과정은 통합유럽을 향한 EU의 무역, 산업, 외국인투자 및 지역정책들이 일관된 방향으로 결합되지 못하면서 야기되었으며, 이와 같은 맥락에서 그 과정들은 세계적-지역적-국가적-지방적 연결체라는 상호 얽힌, 역설적 구조속에서 진행되고 있다.