• 한국운동역학회지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.31-40
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• 2007

Proper weight shifting is essential for a successful shot in golf swing and this could be described by means of the ground forces between the feet and ground. It is assumed that the ground forces would different according to the club used because the length and swing weight of each club is different. But, in present, it is not clear what changes are made by the change of clubs and this affect the swing motion. Therefore this study focused on the investigation of the changes of the ground forces and ground reaction forces (GRF) by the change of club length. The subjects were three professional male golfers. Four swings (driver, iron 3, iron 5, and iron 7) for each subject were taken by two high speed video cameras and two AMTI force platforms were used to measure the GRF simultaneously. Kwon GRF 2.0 and Mathcad 13 software were used to post processing the data. Changes of the three major component of GRF (Vertical, lateral, anterior-posterior force) at 10 predefined events were analyzed including the maximum. Major findings of this study were as follows. 1. Vertical forces; - There were no significant changes until the top of backswing. - Maximum was occurred at the club horizontal position in the downswing for both feet. The shorter club produced more maximum forces than longer ones in the left foot, but reverse were true for the right foot. - Maximum forces at impact shows the same patterns. 2. Lateral forces; Maximum was occurred at the club horizontal position for both feet, but there were no lateral forces because the direction of two forces was different. Maximum force pattern by different clubs was same as the vertical component. 3. Anterior-posterior forces; - This component made a counter-clock wise moment about a vertical axis located between two foot until the club vertical position was reached during the backswing, and reverse moment were produced when the club reached horizontal at the downswing. - Also this component made a forward moment about a horizontal axis located in the CG during the fore half of the downswing, and a reverse moment until the club reached vertical at the follow through phase. Maximum was occurred at the club vertical in the downswing for both feet. The longer club produced more maximum forces than shorter ones for both feet.

• 한국운동역학회지
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.161-173
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• 2005

Recently among several tennis techniques forehand stroke has been greatly changed in the aspect of spin, grip and stance. The most fundamental factor among the three factors is the stance which consists of open, square and closed stance. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relations between the segments of the body, the three dimensional anatomical angle according to open stance patterns during forehand stroke in tennis. For the movement analysis three dimensional cinematographical method(APAS) was used and for the calculation of the kinematic variables a self developed program was used with the LabVlEW 6.1 graphical programming(Johnson, 1999) program. By using Eular's equations the three dimensional anatomical Cardan angles of the joint and racket head angle were defined 1. In three dimensional maximum linear velocity of racket head the X axis showed $11.41{\pm}5.27m/s$ at impact, not the Y axis(horizontal direction) and the z axis(vertical direction) maximum linear velocity of racket head did not show at impact but after impact this will resulted influence upon hitting ball It could be suggest that Y axis velocity of racket head influence on ball direction and z axis velocity influence on ball spin after impact. the stance distance between right foot and left foot was mean $74.2{\pm}11.2m$. 2. The three dimensional anatomical angular displacement of shoulder joint showed most important role in forehand stroke. and is followed by wrist joints, in addition the movement of elbow joints showed least to the stroke. The three dimensional anatomical angular displacement of racket increased flexion/abduction angle until the impact. after impact, The angular displacement of racket changed motion direction as extension/adduction. 3. The three dimensional anatomical angular displacement of trunk in flexion-extension showed extension all around the forehand stroke. The angular displacement of trunk in adduction-abduction showed abduction at the backswing top and adduction around impact. while there is no significant internal-external rotation 4. The three dimensional anatomical angular displacement of hip joint and knee joint increased extension angle after minimum of knee joint angle in the forehand stroke, The three dimensional anatomical angular displacement of ankle joint showed plantar flexion, internal rotation and eversion in forehand stroke. it could be suggest that the plantar pressure of open stance during forehand stroke would be distributed more largely to the fore foot. and lateral side.

• 한국의류산업학회지
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.43-49
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• 1999

This study conducted 4 different kinds of underwear materials, which were A (Cotton 100%), B (Wool 100%), C (Cotton/Wool, 50/50%) and D (Acrylic/Cotton, 50/50%) and were done in a climate chamber under cold ambient $10{\pm}1^{\circ}C$, $40{\pm}5%RH$ by 6 male subjects who were in good health. Physiological parameters such as rectal and local skin temperature(forehead, forearm, hand, trunk, thigh, leg, foot, back and chest), heart rate, body weight loss, clothing microclimate, blood lactic acid concentration, and wearing sensation were measured. Started with a 15-min rest period, 15-min of exercise 1 (the condition of 4.5 mile/hr walking speed equivalent to with 8.5 Kcal energy consumption on the treadmill) period, 15-min rest period, exercise 2 (after 3minutes warming-up at 3.0. 3.7, 4.5. 5.2. 6.0, 6.7 mile/hr) until exhaustion period, and final 15-min of recovery period were performed. The results were as follows: The lowest mean skin temperature was acrylic/cotton in order of wool > cotton/wool > cotton > acrylic/cotton (F=13. 79. p<0.00l). Most of all skin temperature by parts of body had turned out in sequence of temperature wool > cotton/wool > acrylic/cotton > cotton. Fore arm part showed highest temperature about $32.43^{\circ}C$ on wool and had a tendency approximately $1.8^{\circ}C$ higher than cotton which had the lowest temperature, and had the biggest difference among garments in terms of skin temperature. The back temperature within clothing showed about $2^{\circ}C$ higher than the chest temperature within clothing. but the back humidity within clothing showed about 4~12% higher than the chest humidity within clothing. Body weight loss by each garment was this sequence; cotton > acrylic/cotton > wool > cotton/wool.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제52권6호
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• pp.467-473
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• 2010

A total of 4,323,781 records for informal 16 primary linear descriptive traits of dairy cows in Holstein breed from 1988 to 2007 in USA were analyzed to estimate adjustment factors for lactation number and stage. While all factors in the model were highly significant (P < 0.01), major influences on linear type traits were due to lactation number and stage. The frequencies of lactation number 1 through 6 were 58.6, 22.0, 11.8, 4.8, 2.1, and 0.8%, respectively. Further, the frequencies of lactation stage were 0.7, 76.9, 15.3, 4.9, and 2.1%, respectively, for springing, early, medium, late, and dry. To adjust 16 linear traits (stature, dairy form, strength, body depth, rump width, rump angle, legs rear view, leg set, foot angle, fore udder, rear udder height, rear udder width, udder support, udder depth, and front teat placement), additive and multiplicative adjustment factors of lactation number (lactations 2 to 4) and stage (springing, medium, late and dry) were estimated with the solutions in the generalized linear model, assigning lactation 1 and stage early as base class. Additive adjustment factors of lactation number ranged from -1.23 to 2.908, while multiplicative factors ranged from 0.853 to 2.207. Further, additive and multiplicative adjustment factors for lactation stage ranged from -0.668 to 0.785, and from 0.891 to 1.154. Application of adjustment factors to 20 randomly sampled sub-data sets produced the results that additive adjustment factors for both lactation number and stage reduced more mean square of lactation number and stage over 16 linear traits than any combination of adjustments, and leaded additive adjustment factors for both lactation number and stage as a choice of methods for adjustment of informal 16 primary linear type traits collected by classifiers of AI studs.

• 대한물리의학회지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.21-28
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• 2022

PURPOSE: This study examined the effect of changes in the knee angle and weight shifting of the sole on the activity of the lower extremity muscles during bridge exercise. METHODS: The subjects of this study included 20 healthy adult women (mean age 29.8 ± 4.32). The subjects performed the bridge exercise under three weight-shifting conditions general bridge (GB), hindfoot press bridge (HPB), and fore-foot bridge (FPB) and at two knee angles (90° and 60°). During the bridge exercise, the activity of the quadriceps femoris (rectus femoris, vastus medialis oblique, and vastus lateralis) and biceps femoris muscles were measured using an electromyography sensor. RESULTS: In the quadriceps femoris, the muscle activity of HPB and FPB was significantly higher than that of the GB at knee angles of 90° and 60° (p < .05). In the biceps femoris, the muscle activity increased significantly in the order of GB < HPB < FPB, and the knee angle increased significantly at 60° rather than at 90° (p < .05). There was no significant difference according to the knee angle in all muscles except for the biceps femoris. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that the weight-shifting bridge of sole bridge exercise was more effective in increasing the activation of the lower extremity muscles than the GB.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.555-566
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• 2024

Objective: This study aimed to assess the genetic parameters and accuracy of genomic predictions for twenty-four linear body conformation traits and overall conformation scores in Korean Holstein dairy cows. Methods: A dataset of 2,206 Korean Holsteins was collected, and genotyping was performed using the Illumina Bovine 50K single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) chip. The traits investigated included body traits (stature, height at front end, chest width, body depth, angularity, body condition score, and locomotion), rump traits (rump angle, rump width, and loin strength), feet and leg traits (rear leg set, rear leg rear view, foot angle, heel depth, and bone quality), udder traits (udder depth, udder texture, udder support, fore udder attachment, front teat placement, front teat length, rear udder height, rear udder width, and rear teat placement), and overall conformation score. Accuracy of genomic predictions was assessed using the single-trait animal model genomic best linear unbiased prediction method implemented in the ASReml-SA v4.2 software. Results: Heritability estimates ranged from 0.10 to 0.50 for body traits, 0.21 to 0.35 for rump traits, 0.13 to 0.29 for feet and leg traits, and 0.05 to 0.46 for udder traits. Rump traits exhibited the highest average heritability (0.29), while feet and leg traits had the lowest estimates (0.21). Accuracy of genomic predictions varied among the twenty-four linear body conformation traits, ranging from 0.26 to 0.49. The heritability and prediction accuracy of genomic estimated breeding value (GEBV) for the overall conformation score were 0.45 and 0.46, respectively. The GEBVs for body conformation traits in Korean Holstein cows had low accuracy, falling below the 50% threshold. Conclusion: The limited response to selection for body conformation traits in Korean Holsteins may be attributed to both the low heritability of these traits and the lower accuracy estimates for GEBVs. Further research is needed to enhance the accuracy of GEBVs and improve the selection response for these traits.

• 한국전통조경학회지
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.120-131
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• 2014

조선 개국 시 영조된 사직단은 일제강점기를 거치면서 사직공원으로 고착화되었고, 최근 복원에 대한 노력이 진행되고 있다. 통시적으로 분석된 사직단의 변화 내용은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 한 나라의 중요 국가제사를 지내던 장소로의 입지를 확보하고 강화되었던 조선시대 태조에서 일제강점기 이전까지의 시기이다. 태조대에 인왕산 자락에 축조했으며 임진왜란 시 소실된 후 영조 대에 제례시설이 완비되었다. 그러나 1908년 일제의 간섭이본격화되자 공간 멸실과 제사가 폐지되었다. 둘째, 일제에 의해 공원화가 진행되어 고착화된 1910년부터 1944년까지이다. 공원 관련 시설과 경계부에 이질적인 건축물이 들어섰고, 단 영역 재실 사직단문이 고적과 보물로 지정되기도 하였다. 셋째, 해방 이후 1984년까지 이질적 성격의 동상과 기념비, 건축물이 축조되어 혼재된 장소성을 지니게 된 시기이다. 사직터널의 개설로 사직단 문이 2번에 걸쳐서 이축되기도 하였다. 넷째, 사직단의 역사성과 상징성을 회복하기 위한 노력이 진행되고 있는 1985년부터 현재까지이다. 사직단 권역의 복원 계획이 진행되고 있으나 주민에 대한 반발로 난항을 겪고 있는 시기이기도 하다. 향후, 사직단의 원형 회복을 위한 복원을 위해서는 발굴조사를 통한 면밀한 고증과 주민의 이해가 함께 진행되어야 한다.

• Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.139-146
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• 2009

목적: 본 연구에서는 하지 부종이 있는 말기 암 환자에게 아로마 마사지 치료가 부종 정도 및 혈압, 맥박, 체온 등의 생체 징후 변화에 미치는 영향을 관찰함으로써 말기 암 환자의 삶의 질을 향상시킬 수 있는 대체의학적 치료법으로서의 근거를 마련하고자 한다. 방법: 총 36명의 환자(치료군 26명, 대조군 10명)의 환자를 대상으로 아로마 치료군에서는 블랜딩한 오일을 이용하여 대상자의 발가락부터 무릎 위 10 cm까지 경찰, 강찰, 진동기법을 이용하여 약 15${\sim}$20분간 마사지를 시행하였으며 대조군은 순수하게 마사지의 효과만을 알아보기 위해 캐리어 오일만을 이용한 마사지를 아로마 치료군과 동일한 시간과 방법으로 시행하였다. 마사지 시행 전, 마사지 시행 30분 후, 2시간 후, 12시간 후에 전족부(forefoot)와 발목관절의 가장 좁은 부위, 종아리의 가장 넓은 부위에서 둘레를 측정하였고 혈압, 맥박, 체온도 동시에 측정하였다. 결과: 발등(Rt.: P=0.771, Lt.: P=0.371), 발목(Rt.: P=0.580, Lt.: P=0.407), 종아리(Rt.: P=0.666, Lt.: P=0.158)의 둘레의 변화는 아로마 마사지 치료군과 대조군 사이에 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다. 하지만, 아로마 치료군에서 좌측 발목과 좌측 종아리를 제외한 나머지 부위에서 치료 전과 비교하여 통계적으로 유의하게 부종이 감소하는 결과를 보였으며 발등은 2시간 후에, 우측 발목은 20분 후에, 우측 장딴지는 12시간 후에 가장 많이 감소되었다(P${\le}$0.05). 결론: 결론적으로 아로마 마사지 치료법이 단순 마사지 치료에 비해 하지 부종의 완화에 큰 영향을 주지 못하며 아로마 마사지 치료의 임상적 적용을 위해서는 향후 보다 많은 연구가 필요할 것으로 생각된다.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제51권5호
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• pp.345-352
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• 2009

본 연구는 1998부터 2007년도까지 수집된 국내 홀스타인종 22,175두의 15개 형질에 대한 332,625개의 선형심사 점수, 22,175개의 최종점수와 84,612개의 혈통정보를 이용하여 유전모수를 추정하기 위해 실시하였다. 유전 및 오차 분산－공분산은 16개 형질에서 2개 형질씩 짝을 지어 총 225개 형질조합에 대하여 이형질(二形質) 모형을 이용하여 DFREML 패키지로 추정하였다. 키(ST), 강건성(STR), 체심(BD), 예각성(DF), 엉덩이 기울기(RA), 엉덩이 너비(TW), 옆에서 본 뒷다리(RLSV), 발굽기울기(FA), 앞유방의 붙음성(FUA), 뒷유방의 부착높이(RUH), 뒷유방의 너비(RUW), 정중제인대(UC), 유방의 깊이(UD), 뒤에서 본 앞유두의 배열위치(FTP), 앞유두의 길이(FTL) 그리고 최종점수(FS)에 대한 유전력은 각각 0.31, 0.21, 0.25, 0.10, 0.29, 0.19, 0.09, 0.06, 0.1, 0.293, 0.1, 0.20, 0.196 0.190, 0.28 그리고 0.15로 추정되었다. 키는 강건성과 0.9 의 가장 높은 정(+)의 상관을 나타냈다. 반면, 옆에서 본 뒷다리는 발굽기울기와 -0.56의 가장 높은 부(-)의 상관을 나타냈다. 엉덩이 기울기는 정중제인대를 제외한 유방형질과 -0.17에서 -0.02의 부 (-)의 상관을 보였다. 특히 뒷유방의 너비는 강건성(0.60), 체심(0.62), 엉덩이 너비(0.49)와 높은 정(+)의 유전상관을 나타냈다. 반면, 유방 깊이는 강건성(-0.4), 체심(-0.4)과 높은 부(-)의 유전상관을 보였다. 앞유두의 길이는 앞유방의 붙음성, 뒷유방의 부착높이, 뒷유방의 너비, 정중제인대 그리고 유방의 깊이와 모두 부(-)의 유전상관을 나타냈다. 최종점수는 정중제인대(0.12), 유방의 깊이(0.18), 그리고 뒤에서 본 앞유두의 배열위치(0.2)와 정(+)의 유전상관을 보였다. 하지만 유전 및 잔차 분산-공분산 행렬이 양정치 행렬이 아닌 것으로 나타났기 때문에 유전능력평가에 이용하기위해서는 주의가 필요하며, 모든 형질에 대한 유전상관을 동시에 추정하는 등의 추가적인 연구가 필요할 것으로 사료되었다.

• 농업생명과학연구
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• 제50권1호
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• pp.167-178
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• 2016

본 연구는 국내 Holstein 젖소의 유생산 및 선형심사 형질의 유전적 특성을 파악하기 위해 실시하였다. 자료는 2009년 1월부터 2013년 4월까지 분만한 1산차인 Holstein 젖소 10,218두의 능력검정 자료와 유방 및 지제의 선형심사 자료를 이용하였고, 능력검정 자료 및 선형심사 자료는 각각 농협중앙회 젖소개량사업소 및 사)한국종축개량협회에서 수집한 자료이며, 사)한국종축개량협회의 33,436두에 대한 혈통정보를 분석에 활용하였다. 각 형질의 유전모수 추정은 Animal Model에 근거하여 개발 된 WOMBAT package를 이용하였으며, 추정된 유전분산 및 잔차분산을 이용하여 유전력을 계산하였다. 유량(MY), 유지방량(FY), 유단백량(PY), 유지방율(FP), 유단백율(PP) 및 체세포지수(SCS)의 유전력은 각각 0.128, 0.144, 0.100, 0.273, 0.333 및 0.090이었으며, 유방깊이(UD), 유방질(UT), 정중제인대(MS), 앞유방 붙음성(FUA), 앞유두 위치(FTP), 뒷유방 높이(RAH), 뒷유방 너비(RAW), 뒷유두 위치(RTP), 유두길이(FTL), 발굽기울기(FA), 뒤꿈치 깊이(HD), 뼈질(BQ), 옆에서 본 뒷다리(RLSV), 뒤에서 본 뒷다리(RLRV) 및 보행성(LC)에 대해 각각 0.179, 0.066, 0.104, 0.109, 0.127, 0.099, 0.059, 0.069, 0.154, 0.014, 0.010, 0.052, 0.065, 0.175 및 0.031로 추정되었다. MY와 UD, UT, FTP, RAW, FTL, FA 및 RLSV의 유전상관은 각각 0.334, 0.271, 0.445, 0.544, 0.076, -0.281 및 -0.228 이었고, PP와 MS, FTP, RTP, FTL, FA, BQ, RLSV, RLRV 및 LC의 유전상관은 각각 -0.147, -0.182, -0.262, -0.136, 0.355, 0.311, 0.135, 0.233 및 0.143으로 나타났다. 특히, MY는 RAW와 가장 높은 정의상관(0.544)을 나타낸 반면, SCS는 LC와 가장 높은 부의상관(-0.603)을 나타냈다. FP는 대부분의 유방 선형심사형질과 부의상관 관계를 나타낸 반면, FP는 지제 선형심사형질과 정의상관(0.056~0.355) 관계를 나타냈다.