• 간호행정학회지
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• 제5권3호
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• pp.445-462
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• 1999

The purpose of this study is to provide some basic data for the direction of nursing education and practice to prevent nursing malpractice as investgating perception of the nurse on the nursing malpractice and its case. Data were collected from 450 nurse working in four general hospitals which were located in Chonbuk province from November 9 to 21, 1998 through questionnare. The structured instruments developed by the reseacher were used for collecting data. The Results were as follows: 1) As for the cognition of the nursing malpractice case, the transfusion accident was 37.3%, the side-effects of KCL injection(19.3%), hymen rupture by uterus cancer test, the side-effects of aminophyllin injections on dyspnea patient and the others were 10% below. 2) With regard to the channel of the perception of the nursing malpractice case, mass-communication was taken first and followed through by neighbors, In-service education, school education, continuing education 3) As for the direct${\cdot}$indirect experience of the nursing malpractice case, transfusion accident was 51.3%, the fall of NPO patient after an operation 40.1%, the side-effect of KCL injection 32.5%, suicide of the psychiatric patient 32.5%, and the others were 30% below. 4) The possibility of nursing malpractice case was an average 2.57(${\pm}$0.91) and the highest was the fall of the NPO patient after an operation. 5) The perception on the responsibility of the nursing malpractice in its case was indicated as a joint-fault in ten nursing malpractice instances. As compared to the real decision, nurse's perception of the responsibility in the fall of the NPO patient after an operation, the side-effect of KCL injection, the tracheal edema of the patient who had a thyroid operation, the suicide of psychiatric patient, the hymen rupture by uterus cancer test accorded real decisions. But the other cases were different from the real decisions. These cases were perceived as ones of joint fault even in cases determined as Dr's single fault cases or those in which both doctor and nurse were declared free of fault. 6) Knowledge levels of the nursing malpractice, school education and In-service education were perceived as low but anxiety levels of the malpractice were high. 7) With regard to the countmeasure of the hospital after nursing malpractice, the rate answered as "the practice settled the accident temporarily and forced the person in charge to be punished" was highest. In conclusion, the level of the cognition of the clinical nurse on nursing malpractice cases was low. As nurses' perception on the responsibility of the nursing malpractice case was compared to the real decision, there was a difference in five cases out of the ten cases.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.117-124
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• 1984

It has been recently reported that cingulate cortex mar facilitate gastric acid secretion, but its facilitatory mechanism on the gastric acid secretion is still unclear. This study was undertaken to investigate the facilitatory mechanism of the cingulate cortex upon gastric acid secretion in rats. Twenty·three male albino rats were divided into the cingulate(N= 13) and the operated control(N= 10) groups. The cingulate group in which cingulate cortex was removed by suction through a slit-shaped opening on each side of, and parallel to, the sagittal suture. In the operated control group, the surgical procedure was ended with the skull opening and the incision of dura mater. The gastric juice was collected via a chronic gastric cannula after 24 hours of fast, with water ad libitum. The juice was collected continuously for 6 hours, starting 3 hours prior to the injection of gastric secretagogue, pentagastrin$(12\;{\mu}g/kg)$ or histamine dihydrochloride $(320\;{\mu}g/kg)$. Three one·hour samples were obtained before ana after the administration of each secretagogue. The two agents were injected separately and subcutaneously at intervals of 1 week, the blood samples were drawn from the abdominal aorta for the radioimmunoassay of postprandial plasma gastrin concentration in response to the forced feeding of 10% cod liver oil. 1) After pentagastrin administration, the volume of gastric juice tended to decrease, but its acidity tended to increase in the cingulate group compared with those of the operated control group. However, there was no any difference in the acid output between the two groups. 2) Histamine-stimulated acid output and volume of the gastric juice of the cingulate group decreased significantly compared with those of the operated control group, while there was not significantly different in the acidity between the two groups. 3) Before pentagastrin or histamine administration, any change was not observed in the gastric acid secretion following the cingulate cortical ablation. 4) Postprandial plasma gastrin concentration in response to the forced feeding of 10% cod liver oil was insignificantly lower in the cingulate group than in the operated control group. It is inferred from the above results that the cingulate cortex exerts a facilitatory influence upon the histamine-stimulated gastric acid secretion in rats, and its influence may not be mediated by the stimulation of gastrin secretion.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.258-264
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• 2017

Background: Pulpal pain is one of the most common and severe orofacial pain conditions with considerable adverse effects on physiological processes including learning and memory. Regular exercise is known to be effective on cognitive function as well as pain processing in the central nervous system. Here, the possible effects of regular exercise on pulpal pain response as well as pain-induced changes in learning and memory efficiency in rats were investigated. Methods: Twenty-four male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to the control, capsaicin, exercise, and exercise plus capsaicin groups. Rats in exercise groups were forced to run on a treadmill with a moderate exercise protocol for 4 weeks. Capsaicin was used to induce dental pulp pain. Passive avoidance learning and memory performance was assessed by using a shuttle box apparatus. Results: According to the results, regular exercise could decrease the time course of capsaicin-induced pulpal pain (P < 0.001). Moreover, in capsaicin-treated rats, passive avoidance acquisition was impaired as compared to the control (P < 0.05) and exercise (P < 0.001) groups. Additionally, regular exercise before capsaicin injection could attenuate capsaicin-induced memory impairments (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Taken together, the present data showed that regular exercise has inhibitory effects on capsaicin-induced pulpal pain as well as pain-induced cognitive dysfunction in rats.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제1권5호
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• pp.523-528
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• 1997

Peripheral benzodiazepine receptor(PBR) has been indentified in various peripheral tissues including kidney. The physiological and pharmacological functions of PBR are still uncertain, althought it has been suggested that these are associated with the regulation of stress/anxiety response. Diazepam progeny, which were exposed to diazepam perinatally, was reported to be an animal model of chronic anxiety. However, PBR in the diazepam progenies are not known yet. In the present study, therefore, we examined the changes of PBR in the stress/anxiety response. Dams of rats were given injection of diazepam or vehicle during puerperium. Diazepam progenies showed increased level of anxiety on the performance of elevated plus maze, and increased Bmax of PBR. Saturation experiments followed by scatchard analysis of the results showed that the increase in the density of PBR and the affinity of the PBR remained unchanged. Forced swim stress increased anxiety on the plus maze in both groups of rats. In contrast to control, diazepam progenies did not show further upregulation of renal PBR immediately after swimming stress, but still higher than control. From the above results, it may be concluded that upregulation of renal PBR is associated with chronic anxiety as well as stress-induced response.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.313-322
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• 2013

Previous studies have demonstrated that repeated administration of the exogenous stress hormone corticosterone (CORT) induces dysregulation in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and results in depression and anxiety. The current study sought to verify the impact of catechin (CTN) administration on chronic CORT-induced behavioral alterations using the forced swimming test (FST) and the elevated plus maze (EPM) test. Additionally, the effects of CTN on central noradrenergic systems were examined by observing changes in neuronal tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunoreactivity in rat brains. Male rats received 10, 20, or 40 mg/kg CTN (i.p.) 1 h prior to a daily injection of CORT for 21 consecutive days. The activation of the HPA axis in response to the repeated CORT injections was confirmed by measuring serum levels of CORT and the expression of corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF) in the hypothalamus. Daily CTN administration significantly decreased immobility in the FST, increased open-arm exploration in the EPM test, and significantly blocked increases of TH expression in the locus coeruleus (LC). It also significantly enhanced the total number of line crossing in the open-field test (OFT), while individual differences in locomotor activities between experimental groups were not observed in the OFT. Taken together, these findings indicate that the administration of CTN prior to high-dose exogenous CORT significantly improves helpless behaviors, possibly by modulating the central noradrenergic system in rats. Therefore, CTN may be a useful agent for the treatment or alleviation of the complex symptoms associated with depression and anxiety disorders.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제44권4호
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• pp.603-610
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• 2020

Background: Depression is a common neuropsychiatric disease that shows astrocyte pathology. Ginsenoside Rf (G-Rf) is a saponin found in Panax ginseng which has been used to treat neuropsychiatric diseases. We aimed to investigate antidepressant properties of G-Rf when introduced into the L-alphaaminoadipic acid (L-AAA)-infused mice model which is representative of a major depressive disorder that features diminished astrocytes in the brain. Methods: L-AAA was infused into the prefrontal cortex (PFC) of mice to induce decrease of astrocytes. Mice were orally administered G-Rf (20 mg/kg) as well as vehicle only or imipramine (20 mg/kg) as controls. Depression-like behavior of mice was evaluated using forced swimming test (FST) and tail suspension test (TST). We observed recovery of astroglial impairment and increased proliferative cells in the PFC and its accompanied change in the hippocampus by Western blot and immunohistochemistry to assess the effect of G-Rf. Results: After injection of L-AAA into the PFC, mice showed increased immobility time in FST and TST and loss of astrocytes without significant neuronal change in the PFC. G-Rf-treated mice displayed significantly more decreased immobility time in FST and TST than did vehicle-treated mice, and their immobility time almost recovered to those of the sham mice and imipramine-treated mice. G-Rf upregulated glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression and Ki-67 expression in the PFC reduced by L-AAA and also alleviated astroglial change in the hippocampus. Conclusion: G-Rf markedly reversed depression-like behavioral changes and exhibited protective effect against the astrocyte ablation in the PFC induced by L-AAA. These protective properties suggest that G-Rf might be a therapeutic agent for major depressive disorders.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.197-202
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• 2015

Sulfonylureas are widely used as an antidiabetic drug. In the present study, the effects of sulfonylurea administered supraspinally on immobilization stress-induced blood glucose level were studied in ICR mice. Mice were once enforced into immobilization stress for 30 min and returned to the cage. The blood glucose level was measured 30, 60, and 120 min after immobilization stress initiation. We found that intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection with $30{\mu}g$ of glyburide, glipizide, glimepiride or tolazamide attenuated the increased blood glucose level induced by immobilization stress. Immobilization stress causes an elevation of the blood corticosterone and insulin levels. Sulfonylureas pretreated i.c.v. caused a further elevation of the blood corticosterone level when mice were forced into the stress. In addition, sulfonylureas pretreated i.c.v. alone caused an elevation of the plasma insulin level. Furthermore, immobilization stress-induced insulin level was reduced by i.c.v. pretreated sulfonylureas. Our results suggest that lowering effect of sulfonylureas administered supraspinally against immobilization stress-induced increase of the blood glucose level appears to be primarily mediated via elevation of the plasma insulin level.

• 한국추진공학회지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.1-10
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• 2018

본 연구에서는 횡단류 공기유동에 수직으로 분사되는 액체제트의 분열거리와 액주궤적에 대한 음향가진의 영향을 살펴보았다. 이를 위해 단공 원형노즐 분사기를 이용하여 동일한 횡단류 공기속도에서 분사압력과 음향가진의 크기를 변화시켜가며 수류실험을 수행하였다. 또한 음향가진 주파수 기준 12개의 위상각에서 분무 이미지를 얻어 위상각 변화에 따른 영향을 확인하였다. 실험결과 분열길이는 비가진 상태에 비해 음향가진 상태에서 전반적으로 감소하였지만 위상각에 따른 변화는 발견되지 않았다. 본 실험 범위 내에서 음향가진은 수직분사 액체제트의 액주궤적에 거의 영향을 주지 못하였다.

• 동의신경정신과학회지
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.269-278
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• 2020

Objectives: Yukmijihwang-won (Liuweidihuang-wan in Chinese) is a frequently used medicinal herbal formula. It is used as Yin tonic in Korea and China to recover patients from Yin deficiency. However, the scientific evidence on this drug has not revealed the beneficial effect or mechanism of its effects on the neurological disorder. We designed this study to examine the antidepressive and analgesic effects of Yukmijihwang-won (YJ-01) and the minor modification of YJ-01, YJ-06 on the reserpine-induced pain-depression dyad mice model. Methods: Reserpine (1 mg/kg) was administered subcutaneously once a day for three consecutive days to induce pain and depression-like behavior. The oral administration of YJ-01 and YJ-06 (100, 200, or 300 mg/kg) was performed once daily from three days after the reserpine injection. Results: Repeated administration of the YJs significantly reduced the immobility time in a forced swimming test and increased the moved distance and number of crossings in the open field test. In the von-Frey filament test, the oral administration of YJs remarkably suppressed the increase in paw withdrawal frequency. Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that YJ-01 and 06 may be good candidates to treat the pain-depression dyad.

• 한국의학물리학회지:의학물리
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.95-101
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• 2008

본 기초연구에서는 강제수영검사(forced swimming test, FST)에 의해 우울증이 유발된 쥐의 해마(hippocampus) 부위에서 뇌 대사물질(brain metabolites)중에 choline 신호의 변화를 관찰하였다. 본 연구의 목적은 우울증이 유발된 쥐에 항우울제인 desipramine-HCl을 투여하여 정상 쥐와 약물을 투여한 쥐 사이의 뇌 대사물질의 차이를 자기공명분광법(magnetic resonance spectroscopy: MRS)을 통하여 알아보는 것이다. 실험대상으로는 6주령의 SD rat을 사용하였으며 우울증을 유발시키고 항우울제의 약물평가를 위한 모델링 방법으로 강제수영검사를 시행하였다. 자기공명분광법을 시행하기 위한 localization 방법으로는 PRESS 펄스시퀀스를 사용하였다(TR: 2,500 ms, TE: 144 ms, averaging: 512, complex data point: 2048, scan time: 25 min). 정상 쥐 그룹과 우울증을 유발시킨 뒤 항우울제를 투여한 쥐 그룹 모두 양쪽 해마부위에서의 NAA/Cr, Cho/Cr 비율(ratio)은 차이가 나지 않았다. 또한 왼쪽 해마에서 정상 쥐와 항우울제를 투여한 쥐 사이에서 NAA/Cr, Cho/Cr 비율도 차이가 나지 않았고, 오른쪽 해마부위에서도 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 없었다. 본 연구를 통하여 anti-immobility효과를 나타내는 항우울제를 투여함으로써 choline 신호가 정상 쥐와 비슷하게 회복되는 것을 관찰하였다. 이는 앞으로의 항우울제 약물 평가에 있어 자기공명분광법을 도입함으로써 기존의 주관적인 판단을 배제할 수 없었던 행동변화분석만으로 항우울제의 효과를 평가하는 방법에 비해 객관적이고 정량적인 분석을 할 수 있다는 점에서 아주 유용한 방법이라 사료된다.