• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.111-115
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• 1985

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of maturity and intake on digestibility of grass hay harvested at different dates. Hay was prepared from first-growth forage which cutting dates were: 4 June (vegetative, called early-cut) 30 June (heading, called late-cut). The grass hay fed to wethers at restricted and ad libitum levels of intake. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. As delay in cutting date, contents of crude protein and crude fat decreased, while fibre and lignin increased. 2. On ad libitum feeding of early-cut and late-cut hay, the DM intake were $82g/W_{kg}^{0.75}\;and\;68g/W_{kg}^{0.75}$ respectively. 3. There was no significant difference in dry matter digestibility of early-cut hay between restricted and ad libitum feeding, but dry matter digestibility was decreased markedly in ad libitum feeding when leaves fecal condition out of account. Digestibility of crude protein, organic matter and fibre contained in early-cut hay were tended to decrease slightly in ad libitum when compared with restricted feeding, but were not significantly. 4. Digestibilities decreased significantly with increase of intake in late-cut except for crude protein (P<0.05 or P<0.01). 5. In the comparison of digestibility for all composition, early-cut hay was higher (P<0.01) than late-cut hay.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Near Infrared Spectroscopy Conference
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• 2001.06a
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• pp.1629-1629
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• 2001

The knowledge of the nutrition in animal production is difficult to assess due of difficulty to determine the amount and quality of feeds intake, mainly if forages are the most important compound in the diet. It must be able to know responses to the metabolic process in lactating dairy cows earring out feeds evaluation trials. These metabolism studies with cows, requires measurements of: I) The amount of all feeds consumed. II) Excretion of faeces. III) Excretion of urine. Taking as a basis these trials, forage and total intake, dietary digestibility and balances of nitrogen and energy can be calculated. However, these feeds evaluation experiments with animals are very time consuming and expensives. The faeces excreted by animals containt undigested residues of the diet consumed. For this reason, their analysis can be an successful tool to determine the amount and quality of feed intake and other important biological parameters. The aim of this work was to know if faeces analysis by NIR could be used to determine with enough accuracy some attributes of different lactating dairy cows diets, using a global equation, developed on an heterogeneus population. For this purpose a total of 79 faecal samples from eight grass, three grass silages and two maize silages metabolic trials, on six cows each one, were used to constitute the initial population. The calibration equations were developed to predict forage and total intake, organic matter digestibility, digestibility coefficient of crude energy and digestibility energy. The combination of several trials with different diets and animal conditions gave promising results.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.371-375
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• 1999

The present study was conducted to evaluate the mottgrass alone and in combination with berseem (Trifolium alexandrinum) at different intake levels to determine the lag time, rate and extent of digestion of DM and NDF of mottgrass. Four ruminally cannulated buffalo calves were used in a $4{\times}4$ Latin Square Design with $2{\times}2$ factorial arrangement of treatments. The two factors were forage intake levels (ad libitum versus restricted) and forage source (mottgrass versus mottgrass plus 25% berseem). Four dietary treatment consisted of 1) ad libitum mottgrass, 2) restricted feeding of mottgrass, 3) ad libitum mottgrass plus berseem with a ratio of 3:1 and 4) restricted mottgrass plus berseem in a ratio of 3:1 Calves fed ad libitum mottgrass supplemented with 25% berseem consumed 25% more DM and 15 % more NDF than those fed mottgrass only. The in situ DM digestibility, the lag time and extent of digestion were not affected by intake level. However, rate of disappearance was greater in restricted fed animals than those fed ad libitum. This increased rate could be due to greater concentration of fibrolytic bacteria in restrict fed animals. The DM digestibility was greater (64.1%) in calves fed mottgrass supplemented with 25% berseem than those fed mottgrass only (57.7%). The reduced mottgrass DM digestion may be due to its higher NDF contents. The NDF digestibility, the lag and extent of NDF digestion were not affected by varying intake levels. However, rate of digestion of NDF was higher in restricted fed animals than those of ad libitum fed animals. The NDF digestibility was greater (58.4%) in calves fed mottgrass supplemented with 25% berseem than those fed mottgrass (48.7%) only.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.914-919
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• 2007

The effect of the addition of exogenous fibrolytic enzymes (mainly xylanase and cellulase activities, 15 ml/15 kg of fresh forage), on intake, total tract digestibility and nylon bag degradability of a chopped fresh Digitaria decumbens grass was studied at 2 stages of regrowth ( 21 and 56-day old grasses). Moreover, comparisons between ground and chopped grass were done using the nylon bag degradability method. DM intake (g/kg $BW^{0.75}$) and organic matter total tract digestibility for control and enzyme treatments respectively were 69.1 vs. 65.9 (p>0.05) and 0.723 vs. 0.727 (p>0.05) with the 21-day old regrowth. Based on the same parameters, values for the 56-day old grass were 58.1 vs. 52.7 (p>0.05) and 0.621 vs. 0.591 (p>0.05). Nylon bag degradation at 24 h of the dry matter for control versus enzyme treatments were 0.653 vs. 0.70 (p<0.05) and 0.644 vs. 0.733 (p<0.0001) for the 21-day old chopped and ground forage respectively, whereas with the 56-day old grass, corresponding values were 0.321 vs. 0.392 (p<0.0001) and 0.463 vs. 0.481 (p>0.05). The positive impact of exogenous fibrolytic enzymes (EFE) on degradability of the young and ground pangola grass may suggest that in some cases, enzyme accessibility to potentially digestible cell wall is a limiting factor in their digestion.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.45-51
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• 1993

With the purpose to utilize cage layer manure (CLM), whole crop corn forage was ensiled with 30% CLM (MS silage) and without CLM (CS silage). MS silage was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in pH value, total VFA, propionic and butyric acids, and the ratio of ammonia nitrogen to total nitrogen, but lower (p < 0.05) in lactic acid and water soluble carbohydrate (WSC) contents than CS silage. Digestibility was evaluated using Shiba strain Japanese goats. Urea was supplemented to CS silage at feeding to adjust nitrogen intake to MS silage (US silage). There were no differences in digestibilities of dry matter (DM) and energy among the three silages. However, US silage showed higher (p < 0.05) digestibility of crude protein, but digestibilities of NDF, ADF, hemicellulose and cellulose were higher (p < 0.05) in MS silage. Nitrogen retention was positive in US and MS silages, but it was negative in CS silage. Voluntary feed intake of goats was 11.02, 12.03 and 13.34 g of DM per metabolic body weight ($kg^{0.75}$) for 10 minutes, for CS, US and MS silages, respectively.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.45-50
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• 2002

This experiment was conducted to establish the intensive Grazing system through the improved pasture utilization of the Hanwoo beef cattle. Intensive grazing period, 2 to 3 days was compared to conventional rotation-grazing period, 5 to 6 days as control. The intensive grazing system which has 2 to 3 days of grazing period, increased forage DM yield(7.33t/ha) by 17% compared to control(6.28t/ha), and contributed to stabilization of the seasonal productivity through the increased DM yield after August. Plant height, feed intake and efficiency of grazing was increased in intensive rotation.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.389-398
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• 2009

This study was conducted to determine the feed value of total mixed rations (TMR) containing different winter forage crop silages on feed intakes, daily gain, nutrient digestibility, and nitrogen retention in Korean black goats. A total of 12 male goats were used in this study and each goat was housed in individual metabolism crates. The treatments were four diets, consisting of whole crop barley silage (T1), rape silage (T2), rye silage (T3), and Italian ryegrass silage (T4). The experiment was designed as a $4{\times}4$ Latin square arrangement in three replicates. Daily intakes for dietary dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP) per head were highest in rape silage treatment, and lowest in whole barley silage (p<0.05). Digestible intakes for CP and acid detergent fiber were highest in rape silage treatment. The daily gain of rape, rye, and Italian ryegrass silages were significantly (p<0.05) higher than that of whole crop barley silage. Digestibility of DM. CP, fiber were highest in whole crop barley silage, and lowest in rape silage (p<0.05). Nitrogen (N) intake and N retention were significantly highest in rape silage and lowest in whole crop barley silage (p<0.05). The results showed that, among different winter forage crop silages, rape silage incorporation into TMR had the best performances indicating increases of feed intakes and N retention in Korean black goats.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.202-210
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• 2013

This study elucidated the effects of limited concentrate feeding on growth, plasma profile, and gene expression of gluconeogenic enzymes and visfatin in the liver of Hanwoo beef calves. The purpose of this study was to test that reducing the amount of concentrate would partially be compensated by increasing the intake of forage and by altering the metabolic status. The study utilized 20 Korean native beef calves (Hanwoo; 60 to 70 d of age) divided into two groups of 10 calves each for 158 d. Control group calves received the amount of concentrate as per the established Korean feeding standards for Hanwoo, whereas calves in the restricted group only received half the amount of concentrate as per standard requirements. Good quality forage (Timothy hay) was available for ad libitum consumption to both groups. Since calves were with their dam until 4 months of age in breeding pens before weaning, the intake of milk before weaning was not recorded, however, the concentrate and forage intakes were recorded daily. Body weights (BW) were recorded at start and on 10 d interval. Blood samples were collected at start and at 50 d interval. On the final day of the experiment, liver biopsies were collected from all animals in each group. The BW was not different between the groups at all times, but tended to be higher (p = 0.061) only at final BW in control than restricted group. Total BW gain in the control group was 116.2 kg as opposed to 84.1 kg in restricted group that led to average BW gain of 736 g/d and 532 g/d in respective groups, and the differences were significant (p<0.01). As planned, the calves in the control group had higher concentrate and lower forage intake than the restricted group. The plasma variables like total protein and urea were higher (p<0.05) in control than restricted group. The mRNA expressions for the gluconeogenic enzymes such as cytosolic phosphoenol pyruvate carboxykinase (EC 4.1.1.32) and pyruvate carboxylase (EC 6.4.1.1), and visfatin measured by quantitative real-time PCR in liver biopsies showed higher expression (p<0.05) in restricted group than control. Overall, restricting concentrate severely reduced the growth intensity and affected few plasma indices, and gene expression in liver was increased indicating that restricting concentrate in the feeding schemes during early growth for beef calves is not advocated.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.19 no.10
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• pp.1455-1463
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• 2006

Effects of different levels of molasses in a concentrate supplement on milk yield of cows grazing Setaria grass pastures were investigated. Thirty Friesian cows, 6-7 years old with mean pre-experimental body weight of $428{\pm}6.5$ kg, in early stage of lactation were randomly allotted to five dietary treatments in a completely randomized design experiment that lasted for 126 days. Experimental dietary treatments were forage alone and forage/concentrate mixtures with molasses included at 0, 5, 10 or 15% levels designated as $T_1$, $T_2$, $T_3$, $T_4$ and $T_5$, respectively. The parameters studied were voluntary dry matter (DM) intake, average daily live weight change (LWC), milk yield, body condition score (BCS) and apparent nutrient digestibility coefficients. The DM and energy contents of Setaria grass were low compared to the concentrate diets. Fibre fractions-NDF, ADF, ADL, hemicellulose and cellulose; and gross energy were higher in concentrate mixtures than in the forage. Total DM intake (forage+concentrate mixtures) was significantly higher (p<0.001) in cows on the concentrate mixtures. LWC was not significantly different (p>0.05) between the cows. Average milk yields were significantly different (p<0.05) between cows. Fat corrected milk (FCM) was similar among cows in the treatments. BCS was better (p<0.001) in cows on concentrate mixtures. Digestibilities of DM, CP, NDF, ADF, ADL, OM, and energy were significantly higher (p<0.001) in cows on $T_2$, $T_3$, $T_4$ and $T_5$ than in those on $T_1$. There were no significant differences in the digestibility of DM, CP, NDF, ADF and ADL (p>0.001) in cows on concentrate mixtures. This study therefore demonstrated that lactating dairy cows in Fiji need a level of readily fermented energy source such as molasses in their diets; however, a level above 10% is not nutritionally suitable for lactating dairy cows. Based on data on production parameters-milk yield, fat corrected milk, body condition score and apparent nutrient digestibility coefficients-molasses levels that range between 5-10% are recommended, however, 10% is the best and therefore recommended for inclusion in the concentrate mixture of lactating dairy cows on a basal diet of Setaria sphacelata in Fiji.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.104-108
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• 2016

The objective of this study was to determine how feeding forage and concentrate separately (SF) or as a total mixed ration (TMR) affects enteric methane production of cattle. Six Holstein steers ($203{\pm}22.5kg$) were used in a $2{\times}3$ changeover design experiment. Experimental diets (TMR and SF) consisted of compound feed, timothy hay and soybean curd residue in a ratio of 40:48:12, respectively, and diets were fed at 10% of metabolic body weight, on an as-fed basis. There were no differences in dry matter intake and enteric methane production (g/d) between SF and TMR but the methane conversion rate (methane energy/GE intake) of TMR was significantly higher (p=0.05) than that of SF. The mean methane emission factor (kg/head/year) and conversion rate of the two treatments were 21.4 and 0.05, respectively. There was a strong relationship between metabolic body weight and enteric methane production (p<0.001). At the present time, further studies may be necessary in order to establish the effects of TMR and SF on enteric methane production.