• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.157-162
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• 2013

Application of vaccine materials through oral mucosal route confers great economical advantage in animal farming industry due to much less vaccination cost compared with that of injection-based vaccination. In particular, oral administration of recombinant protein antigen against foot-and- mouth disease virus (FMDV) is an ideal strategy because it is safe from FMDV transmission during vaccine production and can induce antigen-specific immune response in mucosal compartments, where FMDV infection has been initiated, which is hardly achievable through parenteral immunization. Given that effective delivery of vaccine materials into immune inductive sites is prerequisite for effective oral mucosal vaccination, M cell-targeting strategy is crucial in successful vaccination since M cells are main gateway for luminal antigen influx into mucosal lymphoid tissue. Here, we applied previously identified M cell-targeting ligand Co1 to VP1 of FMDV in order to test the possible oral mucosal vaccination against FMDV infection. M cell-targeting ligand Co1-conjugated VP1 interacted efficiently with M cells of Peyer's patch. In addition, oral administration of ligand-conjugated VP1 enhanced the induction of VP1-specific IgG and IgA responses in systemic and mucosal compartments, respectively, in comparison with those from oral administration of VP1 alone. In addition, the enhanced VP1-specific immune response was found to be due to antigen-specific Th2-type cytokine production. Collectively, it is suggested that the M cell-targeting strategy could be applied to develop efficient oral mucosal vaccine against FMDV infection.

• Journal of Veterinary Science
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.34.1-34.10
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• 2020

Background: A nationwide outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in South Korea caused massive economic losses in 2010. Since then, the Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency (QIA) has enhanced disinfection systems regarding livestock to prevent horizontal transmission of FMD and Avian influenza (AI). Although the amount of disinfectant used continues to increase, cases of FMD and AI have been occurring annually in Korea, except 2012 and 2013. Objectives: This study measured the concentration of the disinfectant to determine why it failed to remove the horizontal transmission despite increased disinfectant use. Methods: Surveys were conducted from February to May 2017, collecting 348 samples from disinfection systems. The samples were analyzed using the Standards of Animal Health Products analysis methods from QIA. Results: Twenty-three facilities used inappropriate or non-approved disinfectants. Nearly all sampled livestock farms and facilities-93.9%-did not properly adjust the disinfectant concentration. The percentage using low concentrations, or where no effective substance was detected, was 46.9%. Furthermore, 13 samples from the official disinfection station did not use effective disinfectant, and-among 72 samples from the disinfection station-88.89% were considered inappropriate concentration, according to the foot-and-mouth disease virus guidelines; considering the AIV guideline, 73.61% were inappropriate concentrations. Inappropriate concentration samples on automatic (90.00%) and semi-automatic (90.90%) disinfection systems showed no significant difference from manual methods (88.24%). Despite this study being conducted during the crisis level, most disinfectants were used inappropriately. Conclusions: This may partially explain why horizontal transmission of FMD and AI cannot be effectively prevented despite extensive disinfectant use.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.427-434
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• 2013

The leachate from landfill (Andong city) contaminated by foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) contains 44%-50% hydrophilic organic matter, compared with 22%-27% in natural water bodies such as ground water, lake water, and river water. In such natural water, the organic matter content is reduced by the metabolism of microbes in the water. However, in the case of leachate-1 and -2, the concentrations of RTOC (refractory total organic carbon) and RDOC (refractory dissolved organic carbon) were higher than the initial TOC and DOC after burial. According to time elapsed after burial, the concentrations of RTOC and RDOC were decreased below the initial TOC and DOC. In the case of leachate-6 (386 days after burial), RDOC made up 91% of RTOC. This result shows that organic matter in the leachate was composed dominantly of RDOM, most of which was not removed by the metabolism of microbes. Hence, the presence and characteristics of RDOM provide a valuable indication of the effect of leachate on the quality of surface water and ground water. Such information is useful in understanding leachate environments.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.15-21
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• 2013

Three serotypes (O+A+Asia1 type) of the foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) vaccine were injected into cloven-hoofed animals in Korea after the nationwide spread of FMD at the end of 2010. This study was conducted to investigate FMD antibody development after FMD vaccination, and to determine whether there was a significant correlation between the antibody titer of the sow and the antibody titer of the growing pigs. The antibody titer (percentage inhibition [PI] titer) of the sow (gilt) after FMD vaccination was maintained at a level higher than 50 (P<0.05) for 5 months. A higher PI titer for the 1-month-old growing pigs corresponded with greater inhibition of the PI titer of the vaccinated growing pigs (P<0.05). A negative correlation (P<0.05) between the PI titer of the 1-month-old growing pigs and the PI titer of 3-month-old growing pigs, 4-month-old growing pigs after FMD vaccination at 2 months, 3months was identified, with a coefficient of determination ($R^2$) of 0.274. Thus the PI titer of the growing pigs was inhibited to a greater degree when vaccination was performed at 2 months of age than at 3 months. However, many other factors likely influence growing pigs' PI titer in addition to the PI titer of the sow and age at vaccination, given that the coefficient of determination was somewhat lower.

• Journal of Preventive Veterinary Medicine
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.163-170
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• 2018

The cost-effectiveness of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) control strategies was evaluated using a simulation model fitted to the 2010/11 FMD epidemic in the city of Andong, Republic of Korea. Seven FMD-control strategies were evaluated with respect to the direct cost of a FMD-control strategy, such as slaughtering, movement restriction, and vaccination. All the strategies included pre-emptive slaughtering, movement restriction, and vaccination, but the levels of each control option were different. The simulated median cost of the baseline FMD-control strategy (three kilometers of pre-emptive slaughtering area, 100 days of movement restriction and vaccination of all FMD-susceptible animals in the study area) was estimated to be USD 99.7 million. When a five kilometer vaccination area was applied (with the other control measures being the same as the baseline strategy), the simulated median cost was reduced to USD 81.1 million from USD 99.7. The simulated median costs were USD 107.6 million for a five kilometer radius slaughtering area and USD 168.8 million for 60 days of movement restriction. The FMD-control strategy cost decreased with increasing number of farms depopulated per day. The probability of passive surveillance being effective or the probability of the successful implementation of movement restrictions were increased. Cost-effectiveness analysis is a suitable tool for evaluating the financial consequences of FMD-control strategies by comparing the cost of control strategies for a specific area.

• Journal of Agricultural Extension & Community Development
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.43-52
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• 2023

This study aims to examine the effects of GDP as a proxy variable of income, consumer price index as a proxy variable of price, and foot-and-mouth disease and avian influenza as derby variables on rural tourism demand. The independent variables in this research were gross domestic product(GDP), consumer price index(CPI), and dummy variable(DM) such as food & mouth disease & highly pathogenic avian influenza. Results showed that GDP affected tourism demand positively whereas DM influenced negatively. The study suggested that it was important for policy-mconsider GDP and DM when making decision on strategic tourism management. In conclusion, first, gross domestic product was found to have a statistically significant effect on rural tourism demand. Second, avian influenza was found to have a statistically negative effect on rural tourism demand. The results of this study can be used to establish a reasonable rural tourism policy in the future economic dimension.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.47-54
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• 2014

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the characteristics of leachate discharged from livestock burial sites in Gangwondo resulting from foot-and-mouth disease by monitoring the water quality at the survey tube-wells installed near livestock burial sites in order to investigate the effect of the leachate on the quality of nearby underground water and suggest a water pollution level in accordance with water quality evaluation criteria. Methods: To minimize the secondary environmental pollution damage caused by leachate at burial sites of livestock killed by foot-and-mouth disease, this study analyzed the leachate directly discharged from burial sites and installed survey tube-wells within 300 meters of livestock burial sites and investigated water quality as a means to ascertain the environmental effect of the leachate from the burial sites. In accordance with environmental management guidelines on livestock burial sites, this research investigated the water quality in the survey tube-wells in fifty five burial sites in Gangwondo. The elements investigated were $NH_3$-N, $Cl^-$, $NO_3$-N, conductivity, and E. coli. Water quality was monitored from 2011 to 2013. Results: The water quality from the drain pipe at the location of leachate from livestock burial sites showed BOD 37,209 mg/L, COD 8,829 mg/L, $NH_3$-N 3,633 mg/L, and $Cl^-$ 580 mg/L. According to the monitoring results of water quality ($Cl^-$, $NH_3$-N, conductivity) at the survey tube-wells, there was suspicion that 13 out of 55 burial sites discharged leachate, five sites discharged highly concentrated leachate (13%): one in Gangneung, one in Wonju, and three in Cheorwon. Conclusion: It was judged that out of thirteen observation wells which showed a possibility of discharged leachate, three survey tube-wells have established the discharge effect of leachate at burial sites up to recently. Therefore, it is judged that it is necessary to continue monitoring them and devise additional measures.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.46 no.5
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• pp.137-141
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• 2012

The foot and mouth disease(FMD) was occurred from Andong city on November 23, 2010 and spread out the whole country except Jeju island and Jeolla-do. About 3.4 million livestock such as cow and pig was buired at 4,200 sites during preventive measures of FMD. Government did not effectively respond to the FMD crisis management so FMD spread out the whole country. To Prevent the spread FMD, Farms have to fast approaching and respond directly to smartphones and Tablet PC applications. Resolve the difficulties of using smart devices and easy to operate for the effective utilization of the development of simple applications. This application of FMD, developed for the prevention and alarm applications, foot and mouth disease will be caused, farmers around the farm in case of risk and the seriousness of the FMD will notify smartphone, FMD prevent additional damage due to be interested in preventing further that allows your application is for development purposes.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.423-426
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• 1993

A total 930 outbreaks of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) were recorded in Bangladesh from 1988 to 1991. Number of FMD outbreaks was recorded highest in Rajshahi division (304) followed by Dhaka (272), Khulna (203) and Chittagong (151). During 1988 to 1991, FMD outbreaks reached in peak level in 1990 (540) followed by 1989 (209), 1988 (95) and 1991 (86). Outbreaks though occurred throughout the year were higher in premonsoon and winter seasons. Morbidity rate was found significantly higher (p<0.01) in cattle (35.5%) than buffaloes (23.3%) and sheep/goats (4.8%). Of the cattle, bull/bullock infected more (p<0.01) than cows and calves. Morbidity rate in different animals was observed significantly higher (p<0.01) in Rajshahi and Dhaka divisions than in Khulna and Chittagong. Mortality specially in calves was found at the rate of 50.9%. Loss in milk yield was found to be 66.6%. Disease period for a FMD affected cattle varied from 16 to 26 days (average 22.7 days). Loss of working days per working cattle ranged from 14 to 24 days (average 21.2 days) and the loss in draft energy per cattle was found to be 12.7 to 18.9 KW hour.

• The Korean Journal of Health Service Management
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.213-223
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• 2016

Objectives : This study was conducted to examine the educational status and needs of both parents and kindergarten teachers pertaining to the prevention of infectious diseaes in children. Methods : The participants were 280 parents and 147 kindergarten teachers. Data were collected from August 21, 2013 to December 30, 2014. Results : Only 16.7% of parents had educational experience with infectious diseases. The source of their education was broadcast media and their preferred educational method was the internet. Parents reported that the childhood infection about which they should be educated were influenza (30.4%) followed by hand-foot-and-mouth disease (13.9%), food poisoning (6.4%), and so on. About 27.2% of kindergarten teachers had received an education about infectious diseases, and the major source of their education was refresher training. The teachers' preferred educational method was the internet. The teachers wanted to be educated about influenza (22.4%), hand-foot-and-mouth disease (20.4%), food poisoning (20.4%) and so on. Conclusions : Educational programs should be developed and applied to children, parents and kindergarten teachers based on consideration of their educational needs.