• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2022.10a
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• pp.111-111
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• 2022

According to data from the Ministry of Environment, food waste accounted for 27% of the nation5 s household waste in 2020, and 4.67 million tons of food waste is being discharged per year. According to the Food Waste Direct Landfill Prohibition Act, food waste must be incinerated, composted, fodder, and decomposed before landfilling. The cost of incineration and landfilling of food waste is considerable. Therefore, through the process of turning food waste into fertilizer, we are going to investigate the limit of crop application and the change in the growth of crops during continuous use of food waste fertilizer. This study investigated the growth of lettuce such as shoot length, root length, leaf number, fresh weight, and dry weight after treating lettuce with food waste dry powder mixed fertilizer. The experiment was carried out continuously in 2021 (1st year) and 2022 (2nd year), and the treatment groups were set to No Treatment (NT), Chemical Fertilizer (CF), Mixed Fertilizer (MF×1), and Mixed Fertilizer×2 (MF×2), was repeated 3 times. As a result of the 1st year growth survey, there was no significant difference between NT and CF in the case of shoot length, but MF×1 and MF×2 were significantly decreased compared to NT. Root length was not significantly different in all treatment groups. As for the leaf number, there was no significant difference between NT and MF×1, but CF and MF×2 were significantly decreased compared to NT. In fresh weight, MF×1 and MF×2 were significantly decreased compared to NT, and in the case of dry weight, there was no significant difference between NT, MF×1, and MF×2. As a result of the 2nd year growth survey, there was a significant difference in CF and MF×2 in leaf number, but there was no significant difference in all treatment groups with respect to shoot length, root length, fresh weight, and dry weight. Through continuous additional research, it is necessary to confirm the change in soil composition and the growth of crops due to food waste fertilizer treatment.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.18-26
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• 2000

Since the regulation of MSDS (Material Safety Data Sheets) had started from July 1996, employers were required to furnish MSDS for the chemicals in use in their workplace. However, many MSDS did not contain upright information for the chemicals, and they were not updated regularly, and were not written in the standard format required by the Industrial Safety and Health Act (ISHA). The purposes of this study were 1) to examine the reliability of MSDS for mixed solvents, 2) to provide reliable MSDS to employers or employees, 3) to find out any difficulties in implementing MSDS after the initiation, and 4) to promote regular MSDS updating and to ensure the reliability of MSDS for chemical manufacturers. To check the reliability of MSDS of mixed chemicals, 21 samples of mostly degreasing solvents were collected along with their MSDS from the work place. The samples were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass selective detector(GC-MSD). Their components were classified as saturated hydrocarbon, cyclic hydrocarbon, aromatics, and halogen containing hydrocarbon, and the amount of each class were measured. Manufacture's MSDS were compared with the actual composition of the collected samples, and further examined the reliability by checking whether the chemicals analyzed were included in the MSDS correctly. Finally, each item of MSDS was evaluated whether the MSDS correspond to the regulation required by ISHA. The results were following: 1) most of the degreasing solvents in MSDS were incorrect in their composition and contents, 2) the information in the MSDS including hazard classification, exposure level, toxicity, regulatory information were incorrectly provided, and 3) some MSDS did not disclose carcinogens in their MSDS. Continuous monitoring of MSDS was required to ensure reliability of MSDS. The Chemicals containing hydrocarbons from C10-C15 need to be tested to provide toxicity data. In addition, governmental support for providing correct MSDS was recommended to ensure reliability of MSDS. The MSDS regulation relating to the confidential business information may need to be revised to ensure reliability of MSDS.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.425-437
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• 2020

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Different fatty acids exert different health benefits. This study investigated the potential protective effects of perilla, olive, and safflower oils on high-fat diet-induced obesity and colon inflammation. MATERIALS/METHODS: Five-week old, C57BL/6J mice were assigned to 5 groups: low-fat diet (LFD), high-fat diet (HFD) and high-fat diet supplemented with-perilla oil (HPO), olive oil (HOO), and safflower oil (HSO). After 16 weeks of the experimental period, the mice were sacrificed, and blood and tissues were collected. The serum was analyzed for obesity- and inflammation-related biomarkers. Gene expression of the biomarkers in the liver, adipose tissue, and colon tissue was analyzed. Micro-computed tomography (CT) analysis was performed one week before sacrifice. RESULTS: Treatment with all the three oils significantly improved obesity-induced increases in body weight, liver weight, and epididymal fat weight as well as serum triglyceride and leptin levels. Treatment with perilla oil (PO) and safflower oil (SO) increased adiponectin levels. The micro-CT analysis revealed that PO and SO reduced abdominal fat volume considerably. The mRNA expression of lipogenic genes was reduced in all the three oilsupplemented groups and PO upregulated lipid oxidation in the liver. Supplementation of oils improved macroscopic score, increased colon length, and decreased serum endotoxin and proinflammatory cytokine levels in the colon. The abundance of Bifidobacteria was increased and that of Enterobacteriaceae was reduced in the PO-supplemented group. All three oils reduced proinflammatory cytokine levels, as indicated by the mRNA expression. In addition, PO increased the expression of tight junction proteins. CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, our data indicate that the three oils exert similar anti-obesity effects. Interestingly, compared with olive oil and SO, PO provides better protection against high-fat diet-induced colon inflammation, suggesting that PO consumption helps manage inflammation-related diseases and provides omega-3 fatty acids needed by the body.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.73-83
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• 2016

Forest degradation reduces ecosystem services provided by forest and could lead to change in composition of species. In North Korea, there has been significant forest degradation due to conversion of forest into terrace fields for food production and cut-down of forest for fuel woods. This study analyzed the phenological changes in North Korea, in terms of vegetation and moisture in soil and vegetation, from March to Octorber 2013, using MODIS (MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) images and indexes including NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index), NDSI (Normalized Difference Soil Index), and NDWI (Normalized Difference Water Index). In addition, marginal farmland was derived using elevation data. Lastly, degraded terrace fields of 16 degree was analyzed using NDVI, NDSI, and NDWI indexes, and marginal farmland characteristics with slope variable. The accuracy value of land cover classification, which shows the difference between the observation and analyzed value, was 84.9% and Kappa value was 0.82. The highest accuracy value was from agricultural (paddy, field) and forest area. Terrace fields were easily identified using slope data form agricultural field. Use of NDVI, NDSI, and NDWI is more effective in distinguishing deforested terrace field from agricultural area. NDVI only shows vegetation difference whereas NDSI classifies soil moisture values and NDWI classifies abandoned agricultural fields based on moisture values. The method used in this study allowed more effective identification of deforested terrace fields, which visually illustrates forest degradation problem in North Korea.

• Journal of Applied Tourism Food and Beverage Management and Research
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.95-119
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• 2003

Case Study about the management of bakery menu through a menu analysis: This study checked the sales of bakeries this researcher has operated for 4 weeks before evaluating the menu with Kasavana & Smith Analysis, changing the position of the menu on the theoretical base of space composition and then checking the sales for 4 weeks again and analyzing in the same way. The study compared the two groups by using the menu analysis. The menu used in the analysis included 31 items produced in the stores and 29 items turned out from the headquarters. The results of the menu evaluation through Kasavana & Smith Analysis are as follows: (i) before changing the position of the menu 22 Stars, 20 Puzzles, 15 Plowhorses, 13 Dogs (ii) after changing the position 18 Stars, 24 Puzzles, 12 Plowhorses, 6 Dogs During the study, it was inconvenient that many things not thought about before were discovered. The limitations of the study are as below: a) when the displayed items were sold out, they couldn't be supplied continuously. The items from the headquarters were supplied as many as the ordered volume. As the stores prepared materials only for the day, they only produced bakeries as many as the dairy target. So it is difficult for them to keep extra bakery. b) it is natural that a new item make the sales of the existing items cut down. During the study, there appeared a new item, which influenced on the sales. c) as the store this researcher manages is smaller than the others, it was difficult to change all the position of the menu. With only 18 items changing their positions, there couldn't obtain more accurate data. d) because of the franchise contract, there fixed the prices of supply and sale. Therefore the price of Plowhorse couldn't be changed. However on the base of this study, it can search more specific ways to efficiently manage the bakery business in the future.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.506-512
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• 2006

We investigated changes in the physicochemical characteristics and functional components of the Saengsik cereal grains-milled rice, brown rice, glutinous rice, and barley- by washing with electrolyzed water. There were no changes in the composition of all cereal grains that was dried with hot-air and freeze-dried after being washed with electrolyzed water. The L and a values were not affected by drying in milled rice, brown rice, glutinous rice, or barley, but the b value increased in milled rice and glutinous rice-this increase was greater with hot-air drying than with freeze-drying. The dietary fiber content of the all cereals increased with hot-air drying. The niacin content decreased in all cereals; the extent of this change was greater with hot-air drying than with freeze-drying. The ${\beta}-glucan$ content of barley was higher in samples that underwent freeze-drying than in those treated by hot-air drying, but was not affected by washing with electrolyzed water. Thus, other than a change in color for milled and glutinous rice, no changes in the physicochemical characteristics and functional components these products were observed with freeze-drying. Data indicate that the electrolyzed water washing could be effectively used as pasteurization step in the uncooked cereal grains.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.15 no.10
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• pp.1507-1516
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• 2002

Meat and bone meal is a valuable protein and mineral source in diets of production animals and contributes to the protein, energy and mineral component of diets. The aim of the present study was to more accurately characterise the apparent ileal amino acid digestibility of meat and bone meals produced in New Zealand and evaluate routine in vitro assays used in practise to measure meat and bone meal quality. A total of 94 commercial meat and bone meals from 25 New Zealand rendering plants over a two and a half year period were analysed for proximates, gross energy, gross amino acid content (incl. hydroxyproline, hydroxylysine and lanthionine), apparent ileal amino acid digestibility, pepsin nitrogen digestibility, protein solubility and bone content. The mean crude protein content of the 94 meat and bone meal samples was 56.8% with a range of >35% units and a coefficient of variation of 9.8%. The mean crude fat and ash content were 10.0 and 28.4% respectively. These latter components showed a large range (16 and 43%, respectively) with coefficients of variation above 22%. Amino acid digestibility between samples was highly variable with lysine and sulphur amino acids digestibility ranging between 45.8-89.0 and 38.2-85.5%, respectively. Pearson correlation coefficients are presented between crude protein content and individual gross amino acids, crude protein content and individual digestible amino acid content, and pepsin N digestibility and individual digestible amino acid content. There was a significant relationship between the digestible amino acid nitrogen content and the crude protein content while pepsin nitrogen digestibility was not correlated to ileal amino acid nitrogen digestibility (r=-0.06). Meat meals with a high protein content had relatively low hydroxyproline and hydroxylysine levels something that was attributed to the levels of collagen from bone. The data indicated that lanthionine (formed upon heat treatment of cysteine with a hydroprotein) is not a good indicator of the heat treatment employed to meat and bone meals. Step-wise multiple regression equations to predict the apparent digestible content of amino acids from rapid in vitro assays are presented. The most selected variables included ash and crude fat content. In general the equations derived for the essential amino acids had a higher degrees of fit (R2) compared to the non-essential amino acids. The R2 for the essential amino acids ranged from 0.43 for histidine and 0.68 for leucine. These equations provide a means of more rapidly estimating the apparent ileal digestible amino acid content (protein quality) of meat and bone meal using standard analyses.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.8-14
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• 1999

This study was developed to evaluate the growth inhibition effects of cell wall components of Enterococcus faecalis 2B4-1 obtained from feces of neonates against tumor cell lines. Polysaccharide fraction (PS) shown sensitive growth inhibition effect in the cell wall components was isolated and characterized. In growth inhibition effects, residue fractin of whole cell was shown sensitive level of percent survival about 30% when administrated at ehe concentration of 100${\mu}$g/ml, and that was more effective than that of supernatant fraction against the tumor cell lines, SNU-1, 3LL, FARROW and HEC-1-B. Sensitive growth inhibition effects against SNU-1, FARROW and HEC-1-B were performed by whole cell (WC) fraction from Ent. faecalis 2B4-1. Cytoplasm fractin (CP) of WC was shown non-inhibition effect, however, the other part of WC, precipitate of disrupted cell (PD), was sensitive against the tumor cell line mentioned above. Followed by separation to peptidoglycan fraction (PG) and polysaccharide fraction (PS) were all sensitive which the latter was shown more sensitive percent survival than the former. Composed sugars of polysaccharide fraction were determined to D-glucose, L-rhamnose and D-glucosamine, and the rate fo composition was calculated to about 1:1:1 by the data of elemental analysis, IR, TLC and HPLC.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.98-104
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• 2015

BACKGROUND: ${\gamma}$-Oryzanol, a mixture of ferulic acid esters of triterpene alcohols and sterols, are a nutritionally important group of rice secondary metabolites. The ${\gamma}$-Oryzanol content and composition were found to vary with enviromental factors such as growth temperature, varietal origin, and cultivation method. Therefore, the effect of green manure treatments will be also be an important factor in their content. METHODS AND RESULTS: The ${\gamma}$-Oryzanols extracted using dichloromethane/methanol were analyzed equipped liquid chromatography with a diode array detector. A total of ten components of ${\gamma}$-oryzanol including ${\Delta}7$-stigmastenyl ferulate were isolated of which, cycloartenyl ferulate, 24-methylenecycloartanyl ferulate, campesteryl ferulate and sitosteryl ferulate were identified as the major components in Korean rice variety, Unkwang. The ${\gamma}$-oryzanol content in rice, in the presence of nitrogen fertilization using green manure was similar to conventional nitrogen fertilization, but was higher than the control(no fertilizations). The ${\gamma}$-oryzanol ontent in rice, in the presence of hairy vetch as green manure crop was the highest compared to other crops (opium-poppy, crimson clover, cornflower). As a result of PLS-DA using SIMCA 11.0 ver. as multivariate analysis program on the basis of total data, in all samples, the specific pattern and cluster of ${\gamma}$-oryzanol scores according to green manure crops and conditions were confirmed with possible distinguishing nitrogen effects. CONCLUSION: The nitrogen contained in the green manure crops is considered to play a major role in the formation of ${\gamma}$-oryzanol. Hairy vetch which contains higher nitrogen increased the concentration of ${\gamma}$-oryzanol in rice.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.161-182
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• 2019

Quantifying the amount of carbon pools in forest ecosystems enables to understand about various carbon pools in the forest ecosystem. Therefore, this study was conducted in the Chilimo dry afromontane forest to estimate the amount of carbon stored. The natural forest was stratified into three forest patches based on species composition, diversity, and structure. A total of 50 permanent sample plots of 20 m × 20 m (400 ㎡ ) each were established, laid out on transects of altitudinal gradients with a distance of 100 m between plots. The plots were measured twice in 2012 and 2017. Tree, deadwood, mineral soil, forest floor, and stump data were collected in the main plots, while shrubs, saplings, herbaceous plants, and seedling data were sampled inside subplots. Soil organic carbon (SOC %) was analyzed following Walkely, while Black's procedure and bulk density were estimated following the procedure of Blake (Methods of soil analysis, 1965). Aboveground biomass was calculated using the equation of Chave et al. (Glob Chang Biol_20:3177-3190, 2014). Data analysis was made using RStudio software. To analyze equality of means, we used ANOVA for multiple comparisons among elevation classes at α = 0.05. The aboveground carbon of the natural forest ranged from 148.30 ± 115.02 for high altitude to 100.14 ± 39.93 for middle altitude, was highest at 151.35 ± 108.98 t C ha^-1 for gentle slope, and was lowest at 88.01 ± 49.72 t C ha^-1 for middle slope. The mean stump carbon density 2.33 ± 1.64 t C ha^-1 was the highest for the middle slope, and 1.68 ± 1.21 t C ha^-1 was the lowest for the steep slope range. The highest 1.44 ± 2.21 t C ha^-1 deadwood carbon density was found under the middle slope range, and the lowest 0.21 ± 0.20 t C ha^-1 was found under the lowest slope range. The SOCD up to 1 m depth was highest at 295.96 ± 80.45 t C ha^-1 under the middle altitudinal gradient; however, it was lowest at 206.40 ± 65.59 t C ha^-1 under the lower altitudinal gradient. The mean ecosystem carbon stock density of the sampled plots in natural forests ranged from 221.89 to 819.44 t C ha^-1. There was a temporal variation in carbon pools along environmental and social factors. The highest carbon pool was contributed by SOC. We recommend forest carbon-related awareness creation for local people, and promotion of the local knowledge can be regarded as a possible option for sustainable forest management.