• Physical Therapy Korea
• /
• v.18 no.4
• /
• pp.51-59
• /
• 2011

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of attentional focus and distance of external focus on the performance of balance task of upper extremity. Subjects (N=30) held a stick (2 m) and maintained it horizontally. All of the subjects performed balance task of upper extremity under four different attentional focus conditions: focus on hand (internal focus), marker at 10 cm inside of hand (external focus 1), marker at 10 cm outside of hand (external focus 2), marker at 20 cm outside of hand (external focus 3). The mean velocity of the bar (mm/s) and the muscle activity of biceps brachii (%RVC) were measured. They were decreased when the subjects focused on external focuses compared to internal focus and decreased as distance of attentional focus from body increased (p<.05). There were significant differences between groups (p<.05); internal focus-external focus 1, internal focus-external focus 2, internal focus-external focus 3, external focus 2-external focus 3. These results showed that external focus is more effective than internal focus in enhancing motor performance and focusing on more distant attentional focus results in enhanced motor performance promoting the utilization of more automatic control mechanisms.

• Journal of the Semiconductor & Display Technology
• /
• v.6 no.3
• /
• pp.65-70
• /
• 2007

A method to focus the object in camera system by applying the Hill climb algorithm from optical lens moving device (VCM; Voice coil motor) is proposed. The focusing algorithm from VCM is focus on the object but in these criteria is a well-known drawback; the focus is good only at same distance objects but the focus is bad (blur image) at different distance objects because of the DOF (Depth of focus) or DOF (Depth of field) at the optical characteristic. Here, the new camera system that describes the Reflector of free curvature systems (or Diffractive Fresnel lens) and the partition of focusing window area is proposed. The method to improve the focus in all areas (different distance objects) is proposed by new optical system (discrete auto in-focus) using the Reflector of free curvature systems (or Diffractive Fresnel lens) and by applying the partition of all areas. The proposal is able to obtain good focus in all areas.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
• /
• v.29 no.2
• /
• pp.248-267
• /
• 2019

As merging online and offline channels into one single platform, individuals could easily and frequently switch between online and offline channels. In order for understanding such unique behaviors, this study attempts to explore why and how consumers choose their channels to search and purchase a product. We have drawn on multiple theories that have been used to explain individuals' judgment and decision making (i.e., construal level theory and regula-tory focus theory) in order to develop and tested two-way ANOVA based models of how both regulatory focus (e.g., promotion vs. prevention) and product types (e.g., experience goods vs. searching goods) including the psychological distance cue separately and jointly affect individuals' channel selection behavior (e.g., intention to use single channel vs. intention to use cross-channels). Our results have indicated that consumers with promotion-focus are more likely to use a single channel in experience goods rather than in searching goods when there exists the psychological cue. Based on our findings, the implication for both research and practice are discussed.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
• /
• v.11 no.2
• /
• pp.1-8
• /
• 2016

Self Regulatory Focus Theory explained two different self-regulatory systems(promotion focus and prevention focus) to achieve a goal. According to this theory, people have different type of goal(approach pleasure and avoid pain) and use different type of strategy to achieve the goal. Promotion focus targets their attention to positive outcomes and the achievement of gains. On the other hand, prevention focus targets attention more to negative outcomes and the avoidance of losses. Also, promotion focus tends to use approach and eager strategy to achieve the goal and prevention focus tends to use avoidance and vigilant strategy. This study examined the effects of self regulation focus on attitude and intention toward business start-up. We proposed that promotion focused people will respond more positively to the attitude and intention toward business start-up than prevention focused people. This likely because promotion focused people tend to focus more ideals and gains, where prevention focused people tend to focus more safety and risk. And also we proposed that these effect will be influenced by psychological distance. This study investigated these relationships using 186 under graduate students. The result of analysis indicated that promotion focused people responded more positively on the intention toward business start-up than prevention focused people. But it had not any effect on the attitude toward business start-up than prevention focused people. Self regulation focus and psychological distance turns out to be a significant factors that influence attitude and intention toward business start-up. Finally, we concluded with a discussion of the implications of the research findings and directions for future research.

• Journal of ILASS-Korea
• /
• v.14 no.2
• /
• pp.77-83
• /
• 2009

In this study, the effect of important parameters such as the pixel size and number of a CCD, the object distance, the wavelength of laser, and the particle diameter on the depth of focus in digital in-line particle holography were investigated. The depth of focus in several different cases was calculated using simulation holograms and detailed description of the depth of focus in digital particle holography was presented. The depth of focus is directly proportional to the object distance and the particle size. With the increase of the wavelength of laser, the depth of focus is decreased. The depth of focus is also inversely proportional to the pixel size and number of a CCD. Using the data of depth of focus from simulation holograms and a data-fitting software, we obtained the prediction equations of depth of focus for typical CCD cameras. Finally, the prediction equations of depth of focus in digital particle holography were verified by investigating real holograms of the calibration target in different cases and satisfied agreement between measured values and predicted values was confirmed.

• Current Optics and Photonics
• /
• v.7 no.4
• /
• pp.398-407
• /
• 2023

We explored a method to evaluate imaging performance for the optimal assembly of an endoscopic miniature lens and a sensor constituting an imaging module at the distal end of gastrointestinal endoscopy. For the assembly of the imaging module, the image sensor was precisely located at the focal plane when collimated light passed through the endoscopic lens. As another method, the distance between the lens and sensor was adjusted to obtain the highest focus index from images measured the star chart of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) standard at various positions. We analyzed the slanted-edge modulation transfer function (MTF), corresponding depth of field, and number of line pairs for MTF 50% and 20% at each working distance within the range of 5-100 mm for imaging modules assembled in different ways. Assembly conditions of the imaging module with better MTF performance were defined for each working distance range of 5-30 mm and 30-100 mm, respectively. In addition to the MTF performance, the focus index of each assembled module was also compared. In summary, we examined the performance of imaging modules assembled with different methods within the suggested working distance and tried to establish the optimal assembly protocol.

• Journal of the Korean Operations Research and Management Science Society
• /
• v.35 no.4
• /
• pp.1-16
• /
• 2010

In consumption environment, the time interval is frequently found between purchase and consumption. The objective of this study is to determine how consumers' purchase intentions can be influenced by this type of temporal distance. Construal level theory holds that the 'distant future situation' tend to be construed on a higher level than the 'near future situation.' Accordingly, when considering the consumption in the near future, consumers tend to be more likely to focus on the feasibility of the alternatives than on desirability. Conversely, when considering the consumption in the distant future, they are more likely to focus on the desirability of the alternatives than on feasibility. Along with the previous literature, the current study investigates the effects of temporal distance between purchase and consumption on consumer choice. Moreover, we aim to determine under which conditions these effects pertain. To test our hypotheses, we conducted a 2(temporal distance:near future vs. distant future) x 2(alternative type:high desirability, low feasibility vs. low desirability, high feasibility) x 3(additional offering:no gift, free coffee coupon, free mini book) between subjects design. The results show that the main effects of temporal distance and additional offering are significant. The 2 way interaction between temporal distance and additional offerings is also significant. Specifically, the purchase intention differentiation from additional offering tends to be larger at shorter temporal distances (near future) than at long ones (distant future).

• Current Optics and Photonics
• /
• v.1 no.3
• /
• pp.221-227
• /
• 2017

To apply a square-shaped beam homogenizer to laser shock peening, it should be designed with a long working distance and by considering metal targets with various shapes and textures. For long working distances, a square-shaped beam homogenizer with a long depth of focus is required. In the range of working distance, the laser beam is required to have not only high efficiency but high uniformity, in other words, a good peening quality is guaranteed. In this study, we defined this range as the working distance for laser shock peening. We have simulated the effect of some parameters on the working distance. The parameters include the focal length of the condenser lens, pitch size of the array lens, and plasma threshold of the metal. The simulation was performed through numerical analysis by considering the diffraction effect.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Intelligent Systems
• /
• v.23 no.6
• /
• pp.527-532
• /
• 2013

Depth estimation is an essential factor for robot vision, 3D scene modeling, and motion control. The depth estimation method is based on focusing values calculated in a series of images by a single camera at different distance between lens and object. In this paper, we proposed a relative depth estimation method using focus measure. The proposed method is implemented by focus value calculated for each image obtained at different lens position and then depth is finally estimated by considering relative distance of two patterns. We performed various experiments on the effective focus measures for depth estimation by using various patterns and their usefulness.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Intelligent Systems
• /
• v.10 no.5
• /
• pp.459-465
• /
• 2000

In this paper, we propose a method for controlling camera focus in the short distance by analyzing NTSC signal of a CCD camera. When the distance between a camera and an object is less than about 1 meter, the existing CCD cameras with auto-focusing function are hard to acquire the proper images because they focus on the protruding minute parts ofthe object without taking into account the whole state of the object. To solve such a problem, we use an annealing algorithm to control the motor of a camera by analyzing the overall signal obtained from the camera. By doing so, we can acquire the adequate images at the near distance. The proposed method will be used for a personal identification system by human iris patterns.