• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Precision Engineering Conference
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• 2005.10a
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• pp.69-72
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• 2005

In this study, effects of IHPs with various resting times to cell adhesion were investigated through the measurements of cell adhesive force, number and area of focal contacts (stained vinculin spots), and projected cell area, perimeter and circularity. In addition correlation tests and curve estimations using the experimental results were performed fur the finding an essential factor for increment of cell adhesive force. Tn the results, immediately after mechanical stimuli (150 minutes after seeding) and one hour later (210 minutes after seeding), the average adhesive force of experimental group 5 (resting time: 15min) compared with that of control group at same culture time was increased significantly (p<0.05). Average projected area and perimeter of cells at Group 5 were increased significantly (p<0.05), while average circularity of cells at Group 5 incubated fur 210 minutes was decreased significantly (p<0.05). In the digital image analysis of focal contacts containing vinculins, area and numbers of focal contacts per cell at Group 5 were higher than those of the other groups. This study indicated that IHP with appropriate resting time could contribute in improving cell adhesive force, cell spreading, development of cytoskeleton and formation of focal contacts. And cell adhesive force was correlated to the morphological aspects of cell and development of focal contacts. Particularly, area of focal contacts was closely related to cell adhesive force.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.293-298
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• 2005

Objective : The authors investigate the spatial characteristics of apoptotic genes expressed around the focal cerebral infarction, and attempted to explain the penumbra with them. Methods : A delayed focal cerebral infarction was created in twelve adult Sprague-Dawley rats. We performed the immunohistochemical staining for the apoptosis, bcl-2 and p53 proteins and measured the local cerebral blood flow [CBF] at the infarction core area and peri-infarct area pre- and intra-operatively. The peri-infarct area was divided into six sectors by distance from the infarction border. Results : The size [$mm^2$] of apoptosis, bcl-2, and p53 areas were $3.1{\pm}1.2$, $4.7{\pm}2.1$, and $6.8{\pm}2.4$, respectively. Apoptosis, bcl-2 or p53 positive cells were concentrated at the peri-infarct area adjacent to the infarction core. Their numbers reduced peripherally, which was inversely proportional to the local CBF. The p53 area seems to overlap with and larger than the ischemic penumbra. Conclusion : The p53 positive area provides a substitutive method defining the penumbra under the molecular base of knowledge.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.27 no.2 s.66
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• pp.70-85
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• 2006

Objectives; This study examined the neuroprotective effect of Hyulbuchookautang (血府逐瘀湯, HBCAT)against neural damage following focal cerebral infarction. Methods : Sprague-Dawley Rats were induced with focal cerebral infarction by temporal middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). The rats were divided into 2 groups. We treated extract of HBCAT to one group after operation (sample group), and the other group wasn't treated after operation (control group). We observed neurological scores and TIC-stained infarct area, total infarct volume in brain sections and Bax-positive neurons, HSP70- positive neurons in brain regions. Results : HBCAT treatment at 3 days after MCAO reduced neurological scores induced by MCAO. HBCAT treatment at 5 days after MCAO reduced TTC-stained infarct area in brain sections induced by MCAO. HBCAT treatment at 5 days after MCAO reduced total infarct volume in brain sections induced by MCAO. HBCAT treatment after MCAO reduced Bax-positive neurons in cortex infarct core and cortex infarct penumbra and caudo-putamen of brain regions induced by MCAO. HBCAT treatment after MCAO reduced HSP70- positive neurons in cortex infarct penumbra of brain regions induced by MCAO. Conclusions : These results suggest that HBCAT has a neuroprotective effect against focal cerebral ischemia.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.94-99
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• 2013

Focal osteoporotic bone marrow defect (FOBMD) is a radiolucent area corresponding to the presence of hematopoietic tissue rarely found in the jaws. FOBMD is most commonly located in the mandibular edentulous posterior area of a middle-aged female. From November 2011 to November 2012, we experienced three cases involving removal of implants that had accidentally fallen into the FOBMD area. All patients happened to be female, with a mean age of 54 years (range: 51-60 years). One case involved hypoesthesia of the lower lip and chin, while two cases healed without any complication. Displacement of an implant into the FOBMD area is an unusual event, which occurs rarely during placement of a dental fixture. The purpose of this study was to report on three cases of FOBMD and to provide a review of related literature.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.5 no.5
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• pp.223-229
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• 2011

When negative electron in x-ray tube is accelerated in to a high speed and then the currency of the electron is blocked by the target, x-ray happens by the conversion of the energy. The real area where the fast accelerated electron collides to a target area is called actual focal spot. When the string focused size is observed at the central ray side, where the direction x-ray comes out, the size seems to be reduced. This focus is called effective focal spot. According to radiation angle of x-rays tube, the degree of the negative pole side presents higher value than inclination, the amount of exposed radiation that patient receives differs by the angle of positive pole, which means effective focal spot is the variable. This paper presents the correlation between size of effective focal spot and amount of exposed radiation to the patient by it, and effective research for homogenized dose dispersion by the size of effective focal spot. In conclusion, following the focal size, effective range which was -8cm ~ 0 cm on average, was found and average dose rate was 0.019 R/min. Through this range, for patients with small radiation exposure, image with good density and resolution in aspect of diagnosing will be able to be obtained.

• Korean Journal of Optics and Photonics
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.71-76
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• 2013

Using fluorescence correlation spectroscopy, we analyzed the change of effective focal volume of a confocal system with light intensity. The fluorescence correlation spectroscopy system was home-built in accordance with the He-Ne laser with a wavelength of 632.8 nm, and two kinds of samples (AlexaFluor657 and Quantum dot655) suitable for the wavelength of the laser beam were used. For each sample, we analyzed and compared the correlation functions obtained while changing the intensity of the light source in a range of 1~50 ${\mu}W$. The result shows that the radius of the focal area increases linearly through the increase of particle number and diffusion time in response to an intensity change in weak light below 10 ${\mu}W$. In the higher intensity region (>10~15 ${\mu}W$), the increasing rate of particle number and diffusion time keep increasing but at a much slower rate. Through this result, it was also found that the radius increasing rate of the focal area was reduced however, the radius still increased slightly.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.15
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• pp.6155-6160
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• 2014

Background: This study was conducted to investigate whether apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) measurements by dividing the liver into left and right hepatic lobes may be utilized to improve the accuracy of differential diagnosis of benign and malignant focal liver lesions. Materials and Methods: A total of 269 consecutive patients with 429 focal liver lesions were examined by 3-T magnetic resonance imaging that included diffusion-weighted imaging. For 58 patients with focal liver lesions of the same etiology in left and right hepatic lobes, ADCs of normal liver parenchyma and focal liver lesions were calculated and compared using the paired t-test. For all 269 patients, ADC cutoffs for focal liver lesions and diagnostic accuracy in the left hepatic lobe, right hepatic lobe and whole liver were evaluated by receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. Results: For the group of 58 patients, mean ADCs of normal liver parenchyma and focal liver lesions in the left hepatic lobe were significantly higher than those in the right hepatic lobe. For differentiating malignant lesions from benign lesions in all patients, the sensitivity and specificity were 92.6% and 92.0% in the left hepatic lobe, 94.4% and 94.4% in the right hepatic lobe, and 90.4% and 94.7% in the whole liver, respectively. The area under the curve of the right hepatic lobe, but not the left hepatic lobe, was higher than that of the whole liver. Conclusions: ADCs of normal liver parenchyma and focal liver lesions in the left hepatic lobe were significantly higher than those in the right hepatic lobe. Optimal ADC cutoff for focal liver lesions in the right hepatic lobe, but not in the left hepatic lobe, had higher diagnostic accuracy compared with that in the whole liver.

• Journal of the Earthquake Engineering Society of Korea
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• v.11 no.6
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• pp.33-39
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• 2007

The seismic source parameters of the Uljin earthquake on 29 May 2004, including focal depth, focal mechanism, magnitude, and moment tensor elements for source characteristics, are analysed using moment tensor seismic source inversion. The Green‘s function for 3 crust models representing the southern Korean Peninsula are used. Also 3 kinds of epicenters are used to find optimum solution for seismic source parameters. Results show that seismic source parameters have a little dependency of azimuthal distribution and epicentral distances of seismic stations. Final results show that the event, considering 6 moment tensor elements, is caused by the typical reverse fault with nearly NS strike. The focal mechanism implies that the tectonic force around epicenter area currently has compressive environment, with nearly EW principal axis. The focal depth is estimated to be about 12km. The resultant focal mechanism show fairly good agreement to those of other studies. However, focal depth is much different from that of other studies.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.187-202
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• 2018

Objectives : Non-invasive transcranial electrical stimulation is one of therapeutic interventions to change in neural excitability of the cortex. Transcranial electro-acupuncture (TEA) can modulate brain functions through changes in cortical excitability as a model of non-invasive transcranial electrical stimulation. Some composites of fermented Scutellaria baicalenis (FSB) can activate intercellular signaling pathways for activation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor that is critical for formation of neural plasticity in stroke patients. This study was aimed at evaluation of combinatory treatment of TEA and FSB on behavior recovery and cortical neural excitability in rodent focal stroke model. Methods : Focal ischemic stroke was induced by photothrombotic injury to the motor cortex of adult rats. Application of TEA with 20 Hz and $200{\mu}A$ in combination with daily oral treatment of FBS was given to stroke animals for 3 weeks. Motor recovery was evaluated by rotating bean test and ladder working test. Electrical activity of cortical pyramidal neurons of stroke model was evaluated by using multi-channel extracellular recording technique and thallium autometallography. Results : Compared with control stroke group who did not receive any treatment, Combination of TEA and FSB treatment resulted in more rapid recovery of forelimb movement following focal stroke. This combination treatment also elicited increase in spontaneous firing rate of putative pyramidal neurons. Furthermore expression of metabolic marker for neural excitability was upregulated in peri-infract area under thallium autometallography. Conclusions : These results suggest that combination treatment of TEA and FSB can be a possible remedy for motor recovery in focal stroke.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.117-128
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• 2004

Objectives : This research was performed to investigate effect of Samul-tang-gamibang against focal cerebral ischemic damage after middle cerebral artery occlusion(MCAO). Methods : This research was used rats which were against focal cerebral ischemic damage by MCAO. It was used Zea Longa's theory and Belayev's methods to give rise to focal cerebral ischemic damage by MCAO. After 7days later, we drew out the brain and then had frozen and dyeing it and we had taken a picture to measure of the damaged area in each brain section. We determined the Neurological Index and tested the Foot-fault test and Roatated test to appraise the fall of motion ability result from cerebral ischemic damage. Results : The results of the experiment are as follows. 1. Samul-tang-gamibang reduced infarct size of sample group compared to control group at 7 day after MCAO. 2. Samul-tang-gamibang reduced infarct volume of sample group compared to control group at 7 day after MCAO. 3. Samul-tang-gamibang reduced foot-fault index of sample group compared to control group at 5,7 day after MCAO. Conclusions : Samul-tang-gamibang has protective effects against ischemic brain damage and had significant reduced infarct size and infarct volume of Rt-MCAO.