• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.67-74
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• 2016

Purpose - In this paper, the degree of similarity and dissimilarity between pairs of 50 major cities in China can be shown on the basis of three evaluation variables(internet businessman index, internet shopping index and e-commerce development index). Dissimilarity distance matrix is used to analyze both similarity and dissimilarity between each fifty city in China by calculating dissimilarity as distance. Higher value signifies higher degree of dissimilarity between two cities. Cluster analysis is exploited to classify 50 cities into a number of different groups such that similar cities are placed in the same group. In addition, multidimensional scaling(MDS) technique can obtain visual representation for exploring the pattern of proximities among 50 major cities in China based on three development performance attributes. Research design, data, and methodology - This research is performed by the 2013 report provided with AliResearch in China(1/1/2013~11/30/2013) and utilized multivariate methods such as dissimilarity distance matrix, cluster analysis and MDS by using CLUSTER, KMEANS, PROXIMITIES and ALSCAL procedures in SPSS 21.0. Results - This research applies two types of cluster analysis and MDS on three development performances based on the 2013 report of Aliresearch. As a result, it is confirmed that grouping is possible by categorizing the types into four clusters which share similar characteristics. MDS is exploited to carry out positioning of both grouped locations of cluster and 50 major cities belonging to each cluster. Since all the values corresponding to Shenzhen, Guangzhou and Hangzhou(which belong to cluster 1 among 50 major cities) are very large, these cities are superior to other cities in all three evaluation attributes. Twelve cities(Beijing, ShangHai, Jinghua, ZhuHai, XiaMen, SuZhou, NanJing, DongWan, ZhangShan, JiaXing, NingBo and FoShan), which belong to cluster 3, are inferior to those of cluster 1 in terms of all three attributes, but they can be expected to be the next e-commerce revolution. The rest of major cities, in particular, which belong to cluster 4 are relatively inferior in all three attributes, so that this automatically evokes creative innovation, which leads to e-commerce development as a whole in China. In terms of internet businessman index, on the other hand, Tainan, Taizhong, and Gaoxiong(which belong to cluster 2) are situated superior to others. However, these three cities are inferior to others in an internet shopping index sense. The rest of major cities, in particular, which belong to cluster 4 are relatively inferior in all three evaluation attributes, so that this automatically evokes innovation and entrepreneurship, which leads to e-commerce development as a whole in China. Conclusions - This study suggests the implications to help e-governmental officers and companies make strategies in both Korea and China. This is expected to give some useful information in understanding the recent situation of e-commerce in China, by looking over development performances of 50 major cities. Therefore, we should develop marketing, branding and communication relevant to online Chinese consumers. One of these efforts will be incentives like loyalty points and coupons that can encourage consumers and building in-house logistics networks.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.657-663
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• 2002

Probiotics have been suggested to improve gastrointestinal health in humans. To investigate the effects of Bacillus polyfermenticus SCD administration on fecal microflora and putrefactive metabolites in humans, Bacillus polyfermenticus SCD (4.00${\times}$10$\sub$5/ CFU/mg) was administrated to ten healthy subjects (5 men and 5 women, average age 24 years) three times a day for 2 weeks. Fecal samples were collected before (1st and 2nd weeks, control), during (3rd and 4th weeks), and 2 weeks after the administration. The fo11owing microbial groups were evaluated in the feces: aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, Bacillus polyfermenticus SCD, Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, total lactic acid bacteria, Salmonella, Clostridium, Clostridium perfringens, Eubacterium, Staphylococcus, Coliform bacteria, Pseudomunas, and Yeast. Fecal concentrations of total aerobic bacteria (p<0.05, p<0.01, 3rd and 4th weeks), total lactic acid bacteria (p<0.01, 3rd, 4th and 5th weeks), and Bifidobacteria (p<0.05, 4th and 5th weeks) were significantly increased in all subjects, compared to the control, from the 3rd week after the administration of the products. Clostridium (p<0.01, 4th week), Clostridium perfringens (p<0.05, p<0.01, 3rd and 4th weeks), and coliform (p<0.01,5th week) were significantly reduced from the 3rd week of administration. No significant changes in the fecal concentrations of Pseudomonas, Lactobacillus, Eubacterium, Staphylococcus, yeast, and total anaerobes were observed. Six weeks after the administration, the concentration of all rnicroorganlsrns returned to the basal level. Bacillus polyfermenticus SCD was significantly maintained from the 3rd week to 6th week of the study. Despite the absence of a statistical significance, the putrefactive metabolites (ammonia, indole, skatole, and $\rho$-cresol) and the pH value tended to be lower during and after the test periods than the base line. These results show that this probiotic preparation is able to colonize the intestine, and suggest that it may be useful as a beneficial probiotic in humans.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.363-373
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• 1986

This study was devised to elucidate whether soused shrimp exhibits a digestive action on boiled pork meats. and the mechanism by which sousing with a high concentration of sodium chloride preserves nutrients in foods for a prolonged pe\ulcornerriod. Protease was isolated from soused shrimp using a combination of ammonium sulfate fractionation. DEAE - cellulose ion exchange chromatography and gel filtra\ulcornertion. The isolated protease had specific activity of 1.560 units. 210 purification fo\ulcornerld with an yield of 38%. Its optimum pH and temperature were 8.0 and $43^{\circ}C$ respectively. The molecular weight of the enzyme was 35.000. The Km value of the enzyme for casein was 1.6 x $10^{-6}$ M The e=yme required the presence of cu\ulcornerpric ion to exhibit its full activity. Eighty eight percent of the enzyme activity was in\ulcornerhibited by 3.5M NaCI showing a reversibly linear decrease of the enzyme activity as NaCI concentration increased. The nature of the inhibition by NaCl was rever\ulcornersible and noncompetitive. The protease activity in soused shrimp was well preser\ulcornerved with the elapse of time at least in part due to NaCI induced suppression of autodigestion. The enzyme was denatured by acid easily. i.e. 1% of the original activity remained after staying at pH 2 for 10 minutes. which is within the norm\ulcorneral range of pH of the human stomach. Soused shrimp was observed to be one of those containing the highest protease activity compared with the other soused foo\ulcornerds such as soused oyster. squid. clam. and Pollack intestine with respect to spec\ulcornerific activities of dialized 1:4 whole homogenates(w/v) in 5 mM sodium phospha\ulcornerte - 2.4 mM j3 - mercaptoethanol buffer. pH 8.0. Casein and boiled meats including pork, beef, and chicken appeared to be the good substrates for the protease. Casein was the best. Therefore. the ingestion of boiled meats including pork together with soused sh\ulcornerrimp would help digestion of boiled pork in human not only by increasing appe\ulcornertite also by the direct proteolytic digestion of boiled meats by soused shrimp to\ulcorner some extent. And a high concentration of sodium chloride inhibited the protease activity reversibly in a remarkable degree, which ensued in a significant retardat\ulcornerion of autodigestion of protein in foods by proteases, and hereby contributed to the preservation of foods for an extended period.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.729-738
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• 1998

Antioxidants such as vitamin C and E may play a preventive role in the development of cancer and coronary heart disease. The status of vitamins C and E may be affected by lifestyle habits such as smoking , drinking, and exercise. These habits can modify the dietary requirements of vitamin C and vitamin E. the purpose of this study was to determine whether Korean young healthy men and women consume vitamins C and E in sufficient quantities relative to their lifestyle habits. Among the participants in this study, 52% of the men and none of the women were smokers. ; 84% of all subjects drank alcohol more than once a week ; and the men exercised more often than the women. The concentrations of serum total , HDL-, and LDL- cholesterol were higher in the women than in the men, but the serum triglyceride concentrations were higher in the men than in the women. The men consumed less satuated fat than the women (p<0.05) . The daily intakes of vitamin C for the men and the women were 47.1mg and 65.6mg, respectively. On the other hand , the daily vitamin E intake was higher in the men (11.8mg) than women(6.9mg). The serum $\alpha$-tocopherol concentrations of all subjects were in a normal range, and in no subjects were they below the minimum value of ranges. However, about 19% of male subjects and 10% of female subjects showed deficient status, although the mean serum vitamin C levels were normal . Lifestyle habits fo the sort mentioned above have little influence on the serum vitamin C and $\alpha$-tocopherol concentrations. The serum $\alpha$-tocopherol concentration had a positive correlation with total fat and alcohol consumption. The serum vitamin C concentration was positively associated with regular exercise, but it was negatively correlated with the number of cigarettes smoked. Meanwhile, the serum lipid persoxide concentration , the indirect index of oxidative stress, was influenced by certain variable such as body mass index , the number of cigarettes smoked , alcohol consumption, energy expenditure, vitamin C intake, and serum ${\gamma}$-tocopherol concentration. Serum lipid peroxide concentration was positively associated with body mass index, the number of cigarette smoked , serum triglyceride , and HDL-cholesterol concentration. In conclusion , the vitamin E requirements of the subjects were met by the Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA) regardless of lifestyle habits. However, serum vitamin C concentrations showed individual variation and was below the normal ranges. Smoking and exercise influenced serum vitamin C concentration. Therefore, a reevaluation of the requirements of vitamin C relative to lifestyle habits is necessary.

• Journal of the Earthquake Engineering Society of Korea
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• v.11 no.1 s.53
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• pp.89-97
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• 2007

Parameters including the seismic sources and the elastic wave propagation characteristics were analysed using the observed ground motions from 12 Fukuoka region earthquakes. The Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm was applied to invert all the variables non-linearly and simultaneously with S wave energy in fiequency domain. Average stress drop of 12 events and local attenuation parameter $\kappa$ under seismic stations were estimated to about 79.2-bar and 0.043 respectively. Regional attenuation parameter, Qo and ${\eta}$, were also estimated to be about 248.1 and 0.558 respectively. Low value of Qo seems to caused by inhomogeneous tectonic characteristics between Japan island and southern Korean peninsula. $\kappa$ values are much higher than that characterizing EUS (Eastern United States) region, and nearly similar to that of WUS (Western Waited States) region. If the informations on site specific amplification of all the seismic stations are known, $\kappa$ values can be estimated more precisely. All the values including the seismic sources and the site and crustal scale propagation characteristics can be used as seismic design parameters.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.203-209
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• 1999

LaAlO3d single phase used as the butter layer on Si wafer for YBa2Cu3O7-$\delta$ superconductor application were prepared by solid state reaction method and by self-sustaining combustion process. The microstructure and crystallity of synthesiszed LaAlO3 powder studied using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffractometer(XRD), specific surface area and sintering characteristics fo powder were investigated by Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) method and dilatometer respectively. In solid state reaction method, it is difficult to obtain LaAlO3 single phase up to 150$0^{\circ}C$ period. However, in self-sustaining combustion process, it is to easy to do it only $650^{\circ}C$. Based on the results of analysis of dilatometer it is easier to obtain high sintering density (98.87%) in self-sustaining combustion process than in the solid state reaction method. This reason is that the average particle size prepared by self-sustaining combustion process is nano crystal size and has high specific surface are value(56.54 $m^2$/g) compared with that by solid state reaction method. Also, LaAlO3 layer on the Si wafer has been achieved by screen printing and sintering method. Even though the sintering temperature is 130$0^{\circ}C$, the phenomena of silicon out diffusion in LaAlO3/Si interphase are not observed.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.57 no.2 s.111
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• pp.69-85
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• 2007

Despite the recovery of consumer expenditure and retailing in the Korean economy after 2001, the domestic apparel industry has been aggravated by negative growth in both productivity and production. The purpose of the stud? is to diagnose the develop competitive of the Korean apparel industry and derive implications for this after estimating the efficiency of the Korean apparel companies with Data Envelopment Analysis. Data Envelopment Analysis(DEA) is a methodology based in non-parametric analysis and linear programming. It was developed for measuring the relative efficiency of a set of firms that use inputs to produce outputs. Data used fer input and output variables in the analysis are drawn from financial statement recorded by the Korean Financial Supervisory Service. The initial input data comprise the number fo the employees, fixed assets, general management and selling expenses, and cost of sales. The initial outputs are the operating profit and the gross margin. To summary the results, the efficiencies of the Korean apparel companies has increased yearly in spite of being overabundance of investment in Labour and Capital. According to correlation between input and output variables, the Korean apparel industry has been revamping gradually from labor intensive industries to the capital. The companies need to reduce costs in the results from the number of employees, fixed asset and cost of sales to transform into an efficiently enterprise. The companies owning or obtaining a brand had bitter establish an outsourcing strategic in production, while OEM corporations are called far setting up a manufactory in domestic or abroad. Although the paper is derived some implications with production efficiencies, the relation between apparel companies and brand power, consumption level of consumer, and social trend is remained on a limitation to the study. The next research necessitates a topic with Fashion industry or examining the correlation between brand value, social propensity and profit margin.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.697-708
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• 1992

Liquid Chromatographic behavior of Ni(II) in Isonitrosoethylacetoacetate Imine(IEAA-NR), Ni(IEAA-NH)(IEAA-NR)(R = H, CH_3, C-2H_5, n-C_4H_9, C_6H_5-CH_2) chelates were investigated by reversed-phase HPLC on Micropak MCH-5 column using methanol/water as mobile phase. The optimum conditions for the separation of Ni(IEAA-NH)(IEAA-NR) chelates were examined with respect to the effect of the flow rate, sample solvent, mobile phase strength and column temperature. It was fo$und that metal chelates were properly eluted in an acceptable range of capacity factor value(0{\le}logk'{\le}1). The dependence of the logarithm of capacity factor (k') on the volume fraction of water in the binary mobile phase as well as on the liquid-liquid extraction distribution ratio (Dc) in methanol-water/n-alkane extraction system showed the good linearties, and the dependence of the logarithm of capacity factor (k') on the column temperature and on the enthalpy exhibited the good linearties, and the compensation temperature ({\beta}) from the slope was 773.47{\circ}K. It was suggested that the retention of metal chelates was largely affected by the hydrophobic effect.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.45-56
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• 1988

Many hydrothermal skarn-type iron ore deposits inchiding Mulgeum, Yangseong, Maeri and Kimhae mines are distributed in the south-eastern Gyeongnam Province, Korea. The deposits are magnetite veins which occurred in propylitized andesitic rock near the contact with late Cretaceous Masanite. Symmetrical zoned skarns are commonly developed around the magnetite veins. The order of the skarn zones from the vein is garnet-quartz skarn, epidote skarn, and epidote-orthoclase skarn. The garnets include isotropic or anisotropic andradite($Ad_{100{\sim}70}$), and the epidotes are composed of pistacite($Ps_{21-31}$). Fe contents of the epidotes generally increase toward the magnetite veins. Epidotes and garnets often show compositional variations from grain to grain, that is, their Fe and Al contents vary inversely. This suggests that the variations depend mainly upon $fo_2$ during the skarnization. Oxygen and carbon isotope analyses of minerals from andesitic rock, micrographic granite, major skarn zones and post-mineralization zones were conducted to provide the information on the formation temperature, the origin and the evolution of the hydrothermal solution forming the iron ore deposits. Becoming more distant from the ore vein, temperatures of skarn zones represent the decreasing tendency, but most ${\delta}O^{18}$ and ${\delta}O^{18}_{H_2O}$ values of skarn minerals represent no variation trend, and also the values are relatively low. Judging from all the isotopic data from the ore deposits, the major source of hydrothemal solution altering the skarn zones and precipitating the ore bodies was magmatic water derived from the more deeply seated micrographic granite. This high temperature hydrothermal solution rising through the fissures of propylitized andesitic rock was mixed with some meteoric water, and the extensive isotopic exchange occurred with the propylitized andesitic rock. During this process, the temperature and ${\delta}O^{18}_{H_2O}$ value of hydrothermal solution were lowered gradually. At the stage of iron ore precipitation, because after all the alteration was already finished, the oxygen isotopic exchange with the wall rock was nearly not taken. The relatively high ${\delta}O^{18}$ and ${\delta}O^{18}_{H_2O}$, and relatively low ${\delta}C^{13}$ values of calcites of post mineralization stage, are the results of leaching of the high ${\delta}O^{18}$ chert xenolith in the andesitic rock and low ${\delta}C^{13}$ andesitic rock.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Laryngology, Phoniatrics and Logopedics
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.63-67
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• 2009

Background and Objectives: In patients with asthma, increased obstruction and resistance of airway result in impairment in the generation of voice. Allergy and nasal polyposis, which are frequently observed in patients with asthma, are other factors that affect the vocal performance. Bronchodilators and steroids are commonly used in the treatment of asthma, and these agents also have been reported to be associated with voice changes. The aim of this study is to evaluate the voice quality in patients with mild to-moderate asthma by subjective and objective methods. Materials and Methods: A total of 36 patients with asthma established in the Department of Respiratory Medicine were included in this study. 23 were women and 13 were men, with a mean age of 51.7 years. The average duration of asthma was 77.0 months. All patients had mild-to moderate asthma. Acoustic and aerodynamic analyses were performed and the movements of the vocal cords were examined by videolaryngostroboscopy (VLS). Voice Handicap Index (VHI) and GRABS scales were used for subjective evaluations. Results: 50% of patients suffered from dysphonia and FO was 119.3${\pm}$23.7 Hz in male and 198.2${\pm}$18.4 Hz in female patients. There were no significant differences in average shimmer and NHR between females (4.90${\pm}$2.95% ; 0.1O${\pm}$0.04 dB) and males (4.64${\pm}$2.45% ; 0.20${\pm}$0.15 dB). However, the value of jitter was greater for females (2.60${\pm}$1.92%) than for males (1.21${\pm}$0.84%). The VHI score was above the normal limit in 35%, and VLS findings were shown diverse abnormality in 89% asthmatics from mucosal change to hyperfunction of supragottis and contact granuloma. But duration of illness and steroid dose did not correlate with these findings. Conclusion: Subjective and objective abnormality was shown in more than 50% of asthmatic patients. We suggest that persons who suffer from asthma should be examined for possible voice disorders by laryngologist. Additionally, appropriate medical care and voice therapy should be provided for those who have voice disorders associated with asthma.