• 한국식품과학회지
• /
• 제23권4호
• /
• pp.459-464
• /
• 1991

$121.1^{\circ}C$에서 가열처리했을 때 고등어육의 수분함량은 가열처리 후에, 그리고 Fo값이 커질수록 약간씩 감소하는 반면, 조단백질 함량은 약간씩 증가하였다. pH는 가열처리 정도가 커질수록 증가하였고, 휘발성염기질소량 역시 급증하였다. 비타민 함량은 자숙처리 및 Fo 5 시료에서는 생시료에 비해 약간 증가하였으나 가열처리가 더 진행될수록 점차 분해되었다. 고등어육의 유리아미노산 조성은 히스티딘, 타우린, 리진, 알라민, 류우신 및 글루탐산 등이 주성분이었고, 총유리아미노산 함량은 Fo값이 커질수록 상당량 감소하였으며, 히스티딘의 양적 감소가 가장 컸다. 핵산관련물질 중 이노신산 및 아데노신이인산은 가열처리 정도가 커질수록 감소하였으며, 아데노신일인산 및 히포크산틴은 상대적으로 증가하였다. 산화트리메틸아민 함량도 가열처리 정도가 커질수록 감소한 반면, 트리메틸아민 함량은 급증하였다. 또한 총크레아틴 함량도 가열처리 정도에 비례하여 현저한 감소를 보였다. 지질성분의 변화에서, 과산화물값. 카르보닐값 및 갈변물질량은 가열처리 후에 급증하였고, Fo값이 커질수록 약간씩 증가하는 경향이었다. 총지방질(TL)에 대한 비극성(NL) 빛 극성지방질(PL)의 조성비는 생시료가 71.9%, 28.1%였고, Fo 15 시료는 81.5%, 18.5%로서 가열처리 정도에 따라 NL은 증가하는 반면, PL은 감소하였다. 지방산조성의 변화를 보면, 자숙처리에서는 지방산조성비의 변화가 거의 없었으나, $121.1^{\circ}C$ 열처리에서는 Fo값이 커질수록 22 : 6 등 폴리엔산의 조성비가 점차 감소하는 반면, 16 : 0 및 18 : 0 등의 조성비는 상대적으로 증가하였다. 이 때 가열처리에 따른 고도불포화지방산의 감소는 대부분이 PL에서 일어나고 있었다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• 제32권5호
• /
• pp.526-532
• /
• 1999

The aim of this study was to observe whether the dietary supplementation of docosahexaenoic acid(DHA). In growing rats requires extra supplementation of arachidonic acid(AA) for brain development. Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three groups, each fed a different diet. In the FO group, dams were fed a DHA-rich FO diet during pregnancy and lactation and pups were fed the same diet until 10 weeks old. In the AO group dams and pups were similarly fed a FO diet after weaning. DHA and AA were most effetively deposited in the developing brain during pregnancy and lactation in rats. However, FO-W pups showed significantly lower level of DHA at 0-3 weeks compared with the FO and AO groups and than slowly increased DHA levels to about 87% of other groups at 10 weeks with the introduction of the FO diet after weaning. The total amount of DNA in whole brain rapidly reached a maximum level at 3 weeks and then was sustained at a constant level after 5 weeks of age. The DNA content was positively correlated with DHA level but not with AA level in the developing brain. DNA content was significantly lower in the FO-W group compared to the FO and AO group at 3 weeks of age. However, the DNA content of brain in FO-W pups increased to 80% of the FO group level at 10 weeks after feeding the FO diet after weaning. The relative percentage of AA in brain lipids was significantly reduced in the early stage of brain development when only DHA was supplemented. However, DHA supplementation had no significant effect on the incorporation of AA when the approximately 35% of LA in the FO diet was substituted by preformed AA. These results suggest that large quantities of DHA could interfere with the normal conversion of LA to AA if LA is not supplemented enough together with DHA. Therefore, high DHA supplementation may require preformed AA in the diet even though AA has no significant correlation with the DNA content in brain. DHA supplementation after weaning also improved the incorporation of DHA into brain and content of DNA even though brain development was almost completed, suggesting that a low level of DHA supplementation without AA addition might be necessary to improve brain development during infancy as well as during pregnancy and lactation.

• 한국수산과학회지
• /
• 제28권5호
• /
• pp.569-576
• /
• 1995

훈제 굴 통조림의 가열살균기준 설정을 위하여 $105^{\circ}C\;-\;115^{\circ}C$의 온도범위에서 Fo-값을 달리하여 살균한 제품을 $5^{\circ}C\;-\;50^{\circ}C$의 서로 다른 온도에 저장하면서 품질의 안전성을 검토하였다. $110^{\circ}C$에서 Fo-값 5.92분 이상으로 살균한 제품은 6개월 동안의 저장에도 pH, 아미노질소의 양, 산가, 그리고 TBA-값에 거의 변화가 없었다. 온도 $105^{\circ}C$ 및 $115^{\circ}C$에서 Fo-값 $5.50\pm0.1$분 및 $6.50\pm0.1$분으로 살균하여 4개월 저장한 제품에서도 같은 결과를 확인하였다. 그러나 온도 $110^{\circ}C$에서 Fo-값 5.92분 미만으로 열처리한 제품에서는 품질변화가 심하게 일어남이 확인되었다. 따라서 훈제 굴 통조림의 가열살균기준으로서는 Fo-값 6.0분이 적당한 것으로 판단되었다.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
• /
• 제24권10호
• /
• pp.330-339
• /
• 2021

Oyster (Crassostrea gigas) is a marine bivalve mollusk widely distributed in coastal areas, and have been long widely used in industrial resources. Several studies demonstrated that fermented oyster (FO) extract attribute to bone health, but whether administration of FO play as an endocrine disruptor has not been studied. Therefore, in the present study, we investigated the effect of FO on the endocrine system in vitro and in vivo. As the results of the competitive estrogen receptor (ER) and androgen receptor (AR) binding affinities, FO was not combined with ER-α, ER-β, and AR. However, 17β-estradiol and testosterone, used as positive control, were interacted with ER and AR, respectively. Meanwhile, oral administration of 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg of FO doesn't have any harmful effect on the body weight, androgen-dependent sex accessory organs, estrogen-dependent-sex accessory organs, kidney, and liver in immature rats. In addition, FO supplementation has no effect on the serum levels of luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), testosterone, and 17β-estradiol. However, the relative weight of androgen- and estrogen-dependent organs were significantly increased by subcutaneously injection of 4.0 mg/kg of testosterone propionate (TP) and by orally administration of 1.0 ㎍ of 17α-ethynyl estradiol (EE) in immature male and female rats, respectively. Furthermore, TP and EE administration markedly decreased the serum LH and FSH levels, which are similar those of mature Sprague-Dawley (SD) rat. Furthermore, the testosterone and 17β-estradiol levels were significantly enhanced in TP and EE-treated immature rats. Taken together, our findings showed that FO does not interact with ER and AR, suggesting consequentially FO does not play as a ligand for ER and AR. Furthermore, oral administration of FO did not act as an endocrine disruptor including androgenic activity, estrogenic activity, and abnormal levels of sex hormone, indicating FO may ensure the safety on endocrine system to develop dietary supplement for bone health.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제18권2호
• /
• pp.221-225
• /
• 2005

An in vitro study was conducted to examine the effect of monensin or fish oil addition on bio-hydrogenation of $C_{18^-} unsaturated fatty acids and CLA production by mixed ruminal bacteria when incubated with safflower oil. Commercially manufactured concentrate (1%, w/v) with safflower oil (0.2%, w/v) were added to mixed solution (600 ml) of strained rumen fluid and McDougalls artificial saliva (control). Monensin $Rumensin^{(R)}$, 10 ppm, w/v, MO), mixed fish oil (0.02%, w/v, absorbed to 0.2 g alfalfa hay, FO) or similar amounts of monensin and fish oil (MO+FO) to MO and FO was also added into the control solution. All the culture solutions prepared were incubated in the culture jar anaerobically at $39^{\circ}C$ up to 12 h. Higher pH (p<0.047) and ammonia concentration (p<0.042) were observed from the culture solution containing MO at 12 h incubation than those from the culture solutions of control or FO. The MO supplementation increased (p<0.0001-0.007) propionate proportion of culture solution but reduced butyrate proportion at 6 h (p<0.018) and 12 h (p<0.001) of incubations. Supplementation of MO or MO+FO increased (p<0.001) the proportions of $C_{18:2}$. The MO alone reduced (p<0.022-0.025) the proportion of c9,t11-CLA compared to FO in all incubation times. The FO supplementation increased the proportion of c9,t11-CLA. An additive effect of MO to FO in the production of c9,t11-CLA was observed at 6 h incubation. In vitro supplementation of monensin reduced hydrogenation of $C_{18^-}$UFAs while fish oil supplementation increased the production of CLA.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
• /
• 제30권4호
• /
• pp.339-345
• /
• 2002

가지에서 분리한 F. equiseti FO-68균주와 벗풀에서 분리한 Fusarium sp. FO-510균주로부터 항균물질을 분리한 후 이들의 식물병원곰팡이에 대한 항균활성을 in vitro및 in vivo에서 조사하였다. FO-68균주의 쌀배양체로부터 하나의 항생물질을 순화하였는데 , 이 물질은 equisetin이라는 물질로 동정되었다. 그리고 FO-510균주의 쌀배양체로부터는 두 개의 항균활성 물질을 분리하였는데, 이들은 zearalenone과 8'-hydroxyzearalenone으로 동정되었다. Equisetin과 zearalenone은 in vitro에서 실험한 식물병원곰팡이 대부분에 대해서 높은 항균활성을 보였지만, 8'-hydroxyzearalenone은 거의 항균활성이 없었다. In vivo assay에서 equisetin은 토마토ㆍ잿빛곰팡이병과 토마토ㆍ역병에 방제효과가 컸으며, zearalenone은 벼ㆍ도열병, 벼ㆍ잎집무의마름병, 토마토ㆍ잿빛곰팡이병 및 토마토ㆍ역병에 대하여 효과를 나타내었다. 하지만 8'-hydroxyzearalenone는 토마토ㆍ잿빛곰팡이병을 제외한 나머지 식물병의 발생은 억제하지 못했다. Equisetin, zearalenone 및 8'-hydroxyzearalenone의 항진균활성은 본 논문에서 처음으로 보고하는 바이다.

• BMB Reports
• /
• 제32권1호
• /
• pp.33-38
• /
• 1999

The effects of eicosapentaenoic (EPA, 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acids (DHA, 22:6n-3) on the phospholipase $A_2$ ($PLA_2$)-mediated release of arachidonic acid (AA, 20:4n-6) were studied in kidney microsomes from rats fed diets containing sunflower oil (SO) or fish oil (FO) concentrate for 11 months. The amounts of AA released by the endogenous $PLA_2$ enzyme were significantly lower by 38% in the FO, compared to the SO-fed rats (23.2 nmol versus 60.7 nmol AA released/mg protein/h in the FO- and SO-treated groups, respectively). The FO-derived microsomes released less linoleic acid (LA, 18:2n-6) and adrenic acid (22:4n-6), but larger amounts of the n-3 fatty acids, including EPA, DHA, docosapentaenoic acid (DPA, 22:5n-3), and 20:4n-3 than the SO-derived microsomes. A similar replacement of the AA and adrenic acid with the n-3 fatty acids including EPA and DHA was also observed in the microsomal phospholipid fraction from the FO-fed rats relative to the SO-treated group. The results suggest that the $PLA_2$-mediated release of AA is reduced and that of EPA is increased in compensation for AA decline in kidney microsomes from FO-fed rats (0.7 nmol EPA/mg protein/h versus 22.7 nmol EPA/mg protein/h for the SO and FO-treated groups). Replacement of the n-6 with n-3 fatty acids may explain the reduced synthesis of the AA-derived prostaglandins and the concomitant rise in the EPA-derived prostaglandins observed in kidneys of FO-treated rats.

• 상하수도학회지
• /
• 제32권4호
• /
• pp.357-361
• /
• 2018

Forward osmosis (FO) process has been attracting attention for its potential applications such as industrial wastewater treatment, wastewater reclamation and seawater desalination. Particularly, in terms of fouling reversibility and operating energy consumption, the FO process is assumed to be preferable to the reverse osmosis (RO) process. Despite these advantages, there is a difficulty in the empirical step due to the lack of separation and recovery techniques of the draw solution. Therefore, rather than using FO alone, recent developments of the FO process have adapted a hybrid system without draw solution separation/recovery systems, such as the FO-RO osmotic dilution system. In this study, we investigated the performance of the hollow fiber FO module according to various operating conditions. The change of permeate flow rate according to the flow rates of the draw and feed solutions in the process operation is a factor that increases the permeate flow rate, one of the performance factors in the positive osmosis process. Our results reveal that flow rates of draw and feed solutions affect the membrane performance, such as the water flux and the reverse solute flux. Moreover, use of hydraulic pressure on the feed side was shown to yield slightly higher flux than the case without applied pressure. Thus, optimizing the operating conditions is important in the hollow fiber FO system.

• Membrane and Water Treatment
• /
• 제8권5호
• /
• pp.449-462
• /
• 2017

Direct treatment of municipal wastewater by forward osmosis (FO) process was evaluated in terms of water flux decline, reverse salt diffusion, pollutants rejection and concentration efficiency by using synthetic seawater as the draw solution. It was found that when operating in PRO mode (active layer facing the draw solution), although the FO membrane exhibited higher osmotic water flux, more severe flux decline and reverse salt diffusion was also observed due to the more severe fouling of pollutants in the membrane support layer and accompanied fouling enhanced concentration polarization. In addition, although the water flux decline was shown to be lower for the FO mode (active layer facing the feed solution), irreversible membrane fouling was identified in both PRO and FO modes as the water flux cannot be restored to the initial value by physical flushing, highlighting the necessity of chemical cleaning in long-term operation. During the 7 cycles of filtration conducted in the experiments, the FO membrane exhibited considerably high rejection for TOC, COD, TP and $NH_4{^+}-N$ present in the wastewater. By optimizing the volume ratio of seawater draw solution/wastewater feed solution, a concentration factor of 3.1 and 3.7 was obtained for the FO and PRO modes, respectively. The results demonstrated the validity of the FO process for direct treatment of municipal wastewater by using seawater as the draw solution, while facilitating the subsequent utilization of concentrated wastewater for bioenergy production, which may have special implications for the coastline areas.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• 제14권3호
• /
• pp.309-311
• /
• 1993