• Membrane Journal
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.351-359
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• 2011

For advanced drinking water treatment of high turbidity water, we used the hybrid process that was composed of photocatalyst packing in space of between outside of multi-channel ceramic microfiltration membrane and membrane module inside. Photocatalyst was polypropylene (PP) beads coated $TiO_2$ powder by CVD (chemical vapor deposition) process. Instead of natural organic matters (NOM) and fine inorganic particles in natural water source, standard NOM solution was prepared with humic acid and kaolin. Water-back-flushing of 10 sec was performed per every period of 10 min to minimize membrane fouling. Resistance of membrane fouling ($R_f$) increased and J decreased as concentration of humic acid changed from 2 mg/L to 10 mg/L, and finally the highest total permeate volume ($V_T$) could be obtained at 2 mg/L. Then, treatment efficiency of turbidity and $UV_{254}$ absorbance were above 96.4% and 78.9%, respectively. As results of treatment portions by membrane filtration, photocatalyst adsorption, and photo-oxidation in (MF), (MF + $TiO_2$), (MF + $TiO_2$ + UV) processes, turbidity was treated little by photocatalyst adsorption, and photo-oxidation. However, treatment portions of $UV_{254}$ absorbance by adsorption (MF + $TiO_2$) and photo-oxidation (MF + $TiO_2$ + UV) at humic acid of 4 mg/L and 6 mg/L were above 9.0, 9.5 and 8.1, 10.9%, respectively.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.41-44
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• 2008

Studies were made to investigate the difference of the shiitake productivity according to the use of sawdust and liquid spawn on middle-temperature type strain. Treatments inoculated with sawdust spawn have shown that yields were dispersed according to flushing periods and fruit-bodies occurred sporadically on medium. However, treatments inoculated with liquid spawn have shown that yield was relatively concentrated at 1st flushing period and fruit-bodies were densely occurred on medium. At total yield and the number of fresh fruit-bodies until seventh flushing, treatments inoculated with liquid spawn were more than those inoculated with sawdust spawn. Also, biological efficiency (B.E.) of inoculation with 20 ml liquid spawn which produced 30% of the medium weight was highest as 69%, but biological efficiency of inoculation with 10 g sawdust spawn was lowest as 42%. And, although rate of fruit-bodies over 10 g in total yield was high on treatments inoculated with sawdust spawn, amounts of fruit-bodies over 10 g were not different among treatments.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.217-227
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• 2009

The present study was set to evaluate the effect of pomegranate extracts on improvement of the menopausal syndromes such as face flushing in ovariectomized rats by carrying out short- and long-term experiments. Pomegranate extracts used to feed rats were prepared from the pulp part which does not contain the rid of the pomegranate, and were dissolved in propylene glycol. From the short-term (16 days) experiment, it was clear that when the 25, 250, 1,250 mg/kg/day concentrations of pomegranate extracts were orally fed to ovariectomized rats, the body temperature of the rats in all the 3 groups were decreased with statistical significance compared to other control groups which were fed with propylene glycol only. Especially, the body temperature decreased by $2.7^{\circ}C$ compared to control groups even when the pomegranate extracts were fed at the low concentration of 25 mg/kg/day implying the usefulness of pomegranate extracts in improving face flushing troubles. In addition, the body weight of the groups fed with pomegranate extracts also decreased when compared to groups fed with only propylene glycol, and the results were also statistically significant. In case of the estradiol level in the blood of rats, the levels were somewhat higher in the groups fed with pomegranate extracts than the control groups, even though the difference was not statistically significant. As found from the results of the short-term experiment, in long-term experiment, the groups fed with pomegranate extracts showed statistically significant decrease in the body temperature and the body weight, whereas the increase of the estradiol levels in blood in each groups were statistically insignificant. During the short- and long-term experiments, no sign of toxicity was found in rats fed with pomegranate extracts indicating no toxic side effects of the pomegranate extracts when orally fed. The concentrations of pomegranate extracts 25, 250, 1250 mg/kg/day treated to ovariectomized rats in this study can be estimated to be 1.5, 15, and 75 g/day when treated to women whose body weight is 60 kg which is average for women with menopausal syndromes. Since even the 75 g/day of high concentration of pomegranate extracts did not show any toxicity in short- and long-term experiments, taking 1.5 g/day concentration of pomegranate extracts would be safe dose for not causing any side effects. Therefore, it can be concluded from the results of this study that taking 1.5 g/day of pomegranate extracts for certain period time will improve the menopausal syndromes including face flushing.

• Membrane Journal
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.359-368
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• 2012

For hybrid water treatment of high turbidity water, we used the hybrid module that was composed of photocatalyst packing between tubular membrane outside and module inside. Photocatalyst was PP (polypropylene) bead coated with $TiO_2$ powder by CVD (chemical vapor deposition) process. Water back-flushing of 10 sec was performed per every period of 10 min to minimize membrane fouling for modified solution was prepared with humic acid and kaolin. Resistance of membrane fouling ($R_f$) decreased as humic acid concentration changed from 10 mg/L to 2 mg/L, and finally the highest total permeate volume ($V_T$) could be obtained at 2 mg/L, which was the same with the previous results. Then, treatment efficiencies of turbidity and humic acid were above 98.9% and 88.7%, respectively. As results of treatment portions of UF, UF + $TiO_2$, and UF + $TiO_2$ + UV processes, turbidity was treated little by photocatalyst adsorption, and photo-oxidation. However, treatment portions of humic acid by adsorption and photo-oxidation were 2.5% and 12.3%, respectively. Compared with the previous results, treatment portions of humic acid by adsorption and photo-oxidation were different depending on membrane material and pore size. As simplified the process, the membrane fouling resistance after 180 minutes' operation ($R_{f,180}$) increased and the final permeate flux decreased a little.

• Membrane Journal
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.72-83
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• 2011

For advanced drinking water treatment of high turbidity water, we used the hybrid module that was composed of photocatalyst packing between outside of tubular ceramic microfiltration membrane and membrane module inside. Photocatalyst was PP (polypropylene) bead coated $TiO_2$ powder by CVD (chemical vapor deposition) process. Instead of natural organic matters (NOM) and fine inorganic particles in natural water source, modified solution was prepared with humic acid and kaolin. Water-back-flushing of 10 sec was performed per every period of 10 min to minimize membrane fouling. Resistance of membrane fouling ($R_f$) decreased and J increased as concentration of humic acid changed from 10 mg/L to 2 mg/L, and finally the highest total permeate volume ($V_T$) could be obtained at 2 mg/L. Then, treatment efficiencies of turbidity and $UV_{254}$ absorbance were above 98.5% and 85.7%, respectively. As results of treatment portions by membrane filtration, photocatalyst adsorption, and photo-oxidation in MF, MF + $TiO_2$, and MF + $TiO_2$ + UV processes, turbidity was treated little by photocatalyst adsorption, and photo-oxidation. However, treatment portions of humic acid by adsorption and photo-oxidation were above 10.7 and 8.6%, respectively.

• Journal of the korean society of oceanography
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.59-71
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• 2001

In order to investigate the temporal variability of dissolved and particulate trace metals in the Han River, water samples were collected intermittently at two sites for 3 years (August 91 to December 94). Surface seawaters covering the range of salinity were also collected at the estuarine region to evaluate the role of estuary for the riverine fluxes of trace metals within the estuary during October 95 and 96. During the study period, dissolved metal concentrations in riverwaters varied by a factor of 5-10 for Fe, Ni, Co and Cu and 50-100 for Mn, Cd and Pb depending upon the water level; high concentration during the low water and low concentration in high water period except for Fe. The concentration of dissolved Fe increased with increasing water discharge. These concentration-discharge relationships of the studied trace metals are explained by the successive dilution of waters from two different origins, which can be presumably identified as anthropogenic discharges and watershed flushing. Although estuarine waters at early mixing region were not collected due to the difficulty of sampling, mixing behaviors of metals were inferred from the concentration-salinity relationships through the laboratory mixing experiment and field sampling, and distribution coefficients between dissolved and labile particulate phases. It is suggested that the Han River estuary plays a role of accumulating Fe, Mn, Co and Pb from riverine sources due to high turbidity caused by strong tidal current, whereas this system serves as a source of dissolved Cd due to release caused by extended residence time of riverine particles.

• Journal of Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Waste Technology(JNFCWT)
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.201-209
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• 2004

Important operation parameters and performance of a high temperature ceramic candle filter system were evaluated through a series of demonstration tests at a pilot-scale vitrification plant. At the initial period of each test, due to the growth of dust cake on the surface of ceramic candles, the pressure drop across the filter media increased sharply. After that it became stable to a certain range and varied continuously proportion to the face velocity of off-gas. On the contrary, at the initial period of each test, the permeability of filter element decreased rapidly and then it became stable. Back flushing of the filter system was effective under the back flushing air pressure range of 3∼5 bar. Based on the dust concentrations measured by iso-kinetic dust sampling at the inlet and outlet point of HTF, the dust collection efficiency of HTF evaluated. The result met the designed performance value of 99.9%. During the demonstration tests including a hundred hour long test, no specific failure or problem affecting the performance of HTF system were observed.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.167-174
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• 2001

A 54-year old male patient who was suffering from bipolar I disorder for 19 years and was admitted to the National Bugok Mental Hospital due to a depressive episode, was referred to the Kosin University Gospel Hospital. On arrival at the emergency room, he had confused mentality with disorientation, memory impairment, hypomania, marked anxiety and hyperirritability. The change of neuromuscular activity such as ataxia, gait disturbance, tremor, shivering, myoclonus and epileptic seizures was also shown. In addition, the symptoms and signs of autonomic instability including diaphoresis, tachycardia, hypotension, fever and facial flushing were noticed. The above symptoms developed after the administration of sertraline successive to the discontinuation of fluoxetine without any washout period. The degree of severity seemed to be severe because he had epileptic seizures, fever and hypotension. He was recovered from the severe serotonin syndrome by the supportive symptomatic treatment with sodium valproate, clonazepam, lorazepam and cyproheptadine after cessation of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors during hospitalization. Therefore, this rare case of severe serotonin syndrome was reported and related literatures were also reviewed.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.547-556
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• 2005

The objective of this study is to obtain adequate intercepting flow during wet weather conditions in combined sewer system. Two study sites are selected under considering different population density, one is developed area with heavy urbanization. Another is recently developing area. In the analysis of field investigation, SS was most significant in initial flushing effects compared with other factors and showed the result with the order of COD, TP, TN. As compared with event mean concentration(EMC) of runoff, BOD, TN and TP showed high concentrations in wide area with relatively large population density. It is by the reason that much pollution load was discharged to receiving water from urbanized area during wet period. According to results of storm-water modeling, 53% of total COD and 52% of total SS pollution load were discharged to receiving water by overflow than intercepting capacity in middle population density site. Also, in the urbanized area, pollution load was discharged to receiving water by 49% of total COD and 77% of total SS. These results can be applied to setup for pollution load flow(budget) generation, collection, treatment and discharging in order to obtain adequate intercepting flow.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.177-182
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• 1990

A reproductive potential trial using randomized complete block design with $3{\times}3{\times}2$ factorial, was conducted on 84 Baluchi yearling ewes. Ewes grazed on rangeland dominated by Artemisia maritime and Holoxylon grifthii with or without flushing and supplementation of barley grain (BG) and cotton-seed-cake (CSC) during premating, late pregnancy and lactation of 90 days. Analysis of variance revealed that conception rate which ranged 64.28 to 85.71, was significantly greater (p<.05) in ewes flushed with CSC followed by ewes under BG or control feeding regimes. During the gestation period, liveweight of ewes changed from 31.24 to 21.2 kg. A loss of 32% of initial body weight was observed at lambing. Losses in live weight of ewes, regardless the supplementation, were uniform and non-significantly different. Live weight of ewes at lambing and weaning were also similar. Birth weight of lambs was significantly different at p<.05. Lambs born to larger ewes seemed to be heavier than lighter ones. Lambs suckling to ewes with losses in body weight during lactation gained more weight which was significantly different at p<.05. In the paper, factors affecting the conception rate, changes in liveweight of ewes during gestation and lactation and subsequently growth of lambs are discussed.