• 한국임상수의학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국임상수의학회 2006년도 추계학술대회 및 정기총회
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• pp.166-197
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• 2006

Respiratory diseases in dogs and cats can be classified into respiratory problems brought about as a result of a specific abnormality of the respiratory system; so called primary respiratory disease, and bronchopulmonary problems which occur as a consequence of heart failure; so called secondary respiratory disease. This section will concentrate predominantly on considerations regarding the treatment of primary respiratory diseases. This includes agents used to facilitate bronchodilation, to reduce coughing and various expectorants and mucolytics. In addition, the optimal fluid therapy and various ways of oxygen delivery with complication will be discussed with emphasis In order to understand the indications for, and action of, various drugs used in the treatment of respiratory disease an understanding of normal respiratory physiology is important and these considerations is described in this section for helping to understand further for readers.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• 제45권1호
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• pp.93-102
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• 2007

본 연구에서는 직접 메탄올 연료전지의 전기 화학 반응에 의해 발생하는 이산화탄소와 물의 조절을 위해 기체 발생과 흐름 현상을 관찰할 수 있는 3차원 모델을 개발하였다. 산화극 쪽에 발생한 기체의 조절은 직접 메탄올 연료전지를 설계하는데 중요한 문제이며, 연료 전지의 성능에 커다란 영향을 준다. 유로는 기체의 조절과 아주 밀접한 관계가 있으나 다양한 유로를 설계하고 실험하여 최적의 디자인을 찾는 것은 어렵고 바이폴라 플레이트의 높은 가격 때문에 많은 비용이 필요하다. 이 문제를 해결하기 위해 전산 유체역학 모델링 기법을 도입하였다. 전산 유체역학을 기반으로 하여 개발된 two-fluid 모델을 이용하여 유체의 흐름 패턴을 시각화 하여 분석함으로써 실험의 횟수를 줄일 수 있었고, 대표적인 4가지 연료전지 유로인 serpentine, zigzag, parallel, semi-serpentine 형태에 개발된 모델을 적용하여 속도, 압력, 메탄올 몰분율, 기체 몰분율 등을 계산하였다. 계산 결과를 이용하여 각 형태의 특성과 장단점을 파악하였고, 이를 바탕으로 가스를 효율적으로 제거할 수 있는 최적 유로를 설계 하였다.

• 드라이브 ㆍ 컨트롤
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.19-25
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• 2012

This paper explains how eliminating contamination from the manufacturing processes will lead to better product quality and hence the need for reworking, a trouble free commissioning period and greatly improved production efficiency. All of these will reduce costs and energy usage. It will also ensure that the product is delivered to the customer in a condition that will ensure improved reliability and longer life, again reducing both energy and other operating costs. Correctly designing the contamination control measures will achieve and maintain the level of fluid cleanliness that is required by the end user. The filter is critical to cleanliness management and should be selected with the same degree of thought and consideration as for other major components. This paper explains the role that Cleanliness Management plays in the reducing the carbon footprint of systems and processes by making them perform more efficiently for longer periods. It also examines two differing ways of selecting filters to incorporate the features of newer designs, and shows how significant savings in the costs of ownership can be achieved using these approaches.

• Journal of Magnetics
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.468-475
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• 2016

In this article, entropy generation on MHD Williamson nanofluid over a porous shrinking sheet has been analyzed. Nonlinear thermal radiation and chemical reaction effects are also taken into account with the help of energy and concentration equation. The fluid is electrically conducting by an external applied magnetic field while the induced magnetic field is assumed to be negligible due to small magnetic Reynolds number. The governing equations are first converted into the dimensionless expression with the help of similarity transformation variables. The solution of the highly nonlinear coupled ordinary differential equation has been obtained with the combination of Successive linearization method (SLM) and Chebyshev spectral collocation method. Influence of all the emerging parameters on entropy profile, temperature profile and concentration profile are plotted and discussed. Nusselt number and Sherwood number are also computed and analyzed. It is observed that entropy profile increases for all the physical parameters. Moreover, it is found that when the fluid depicts non-Newtonian (Williamson fluid) behavior then it causes reduction in the velocity of fluid, however, non-Newtonian behavior enhances the temperature and nanoparticle concentration profile.

• 한국응급구조학회지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.67-76
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• 2020

Purpose: Effective time management, as well as life-saving care, are important in maximizing the prognosis of patients who have sustained major traumas. This study evaluated the appropriateness of emergency medical system (EMS) provider's essential care and how this care impacted on-scene time in patients with major traumas. Methods: This retrospective observational study analyzed the EMS major trauma documents, classified according to the physiological criteria (Glasgow coma scale <14, systolic blood pressure <90mmHg, Respiration rate <10 or >29) in Daejeon, from January, 2015 to December, 2018. Results: Of the 707 major trauma cases, the mean on-scene time was 7.75±4.64 minutes. According to EMS guidelines, essential care accuracy was 67.5% for basic airway, 36.4% for advanced airway, 91.2% for cervical collar, 81.5% for supplemental oxygen, 47.0% for positive pressure ventilation, 19.9% for intravenous access and fluid administration, and 96.0% for external hemorrhage control. Factors affecting on-scene time were positive pressure ventilation (p<.004), and intravenous access and fluid administration (p<.002). Conclusion: Adherence to guidelines was low during advanced airway procedures, positive pressure ventilation, intravenous access, and fluid administration. In addition, the on-scene time was prolonged when the practitioner provided positive pressure ventilation, intravenous access, and fluid administration; however, these durations did not exceed the recommended 10 minutes.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.1027-1030
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• 2013

Background: Peritoneal washing cytology (PWC) that shows the microscopic intra-peritoneal spread of gynaecologic cancers is not used in staging but is known as prognostic factor and effective in planning the intensity of the therapy. False negative or false positive results clearly affect the ability to make the best decision for therapy. In this study we assessed levels of tumour markers, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), cancer antigen 125 (CA-125) and carbohydrate antigen (CA19-9), in peritoneal washing fluid to establish any possible contribution to the peritoneal washing cytology in patients operated for gynaecologic cancer. Materials and Methods: Preoperative tumour markers were studied in serum of blood samples obtained from the patients for preoperative evaluation of a gynaecologic operation. In the same group peritoneal tumour markers were studied in the washing fluid obtained for intraoperative cytological evaluation. Results: This study included a total of 94 patients, 62 with malignant and 32 with benign histopathology. The sensitivity of the cytological examination was found to be 21% with a specificity of 100%. When evaluated with CEA the sensitivity of the cytological examination has increased to 37%. Conclusions: In addition to examination of PWC, the level of CEA, a tumour marker, in peritoneal washing fluid can make a diagnostic contribution. Determining the level of CEA in peritoneal washing fluid will be useful in the management of gynaecologic cancers.

• 디지털융복합연구
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• 제14권12호
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• pp.193-199
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• 2016

자기유변유체(magnetorheological Fluid: MR)를 이용한 차량용 응용장치는 다양한 주행환경에서도 안정적인 제어성능과 신뢰할 수 있는 작동을 요구한다. 하지만 자기유변 유체의 주요한 구성요소로는 철 입자가 포함되어 있으며, 이러한 철 입자는 부식에 매우 취약하여 자기유변유체의 제어특성에 심각한 영향을 미칠 수 있다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 이러한 자기유변 입자의 부식이 전단응력과 같은 자기유변유체의 성능에 미치는 영향을 고찰하고자 한다. 이를 위해 먼저 염화칼슘 수용액을 이용하여 일정시간 동안 MR 철입자를 부식시킨 후 전자현미경(scanning electron microscope: SEM)으로 관찰하고 에너지 분산 X선 기법으로 분자비를 분석함으로써 부식 진행상태를 확인한다. 그리고 부식된 철 입자를 실리콘 오일에 분산하여 자기유변유체를 조성한 다음 회전점도계를 이용하여 부식 전후의 전단응력의 변화를 비교 분석함으로써 자기유변유체를 구성하는 철입자의 부식이 MR 응용장치의 성능에 미치는 영향을 실험적으로 고찰한다. 이러한 연구를 기반으로 향후 철 입자가 부식된 자기유변유체를 실제 응용장치에 적용하여 제어성능에 나타나는 영향할 고찰하여 제어성능을 개선하는 연구로 발전시켜 나갈 예정이다.

• 한국정보통신학회논문지
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• 제14권9호
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• pp.1999-2007
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• 2010

Proxy Mobile IPv6(PMIPv6)는 이동 노드에게 이동성 관리 기능을 요구하지 않는 네트워크 기반의 이동성 관리 프로토콜이다. PMIPv6에서 Mobile Access Gateway(MAG)는 이동노드가 이동 할 때마다 원거리에 위치한 Local Mobility Anchor(LMA)에 위치등록을 수행해야 하며, 이러한 위치등록은 네트워크의 과도한 트래픽과 LMA 부하를 증가시키는 원인이 된다. 따라서, 본 논문에서는 PMIPv6 환경에서 동적 페이징 지원을 위한 이동성 관리기법을 제안하였다. 제안기법에서는 위치등록비용을 감소하기 위해서 페이징 기법을 적용하였으며, 페이징 영역의 크기는 이동노드의 이동 및 통신 패턴에 따라 동적으로 조정된다. 제안기법의 성능을 분석하기 위하여 유체유동(fluid flow) 모델을 이용한 비용 계산식을 구하였으며, 수학적인 비용 분석 결과를 통하여 제안기법이 PMIPv6보다 우수한 성능을 제공함을 알 수 있다.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.11-20
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• 2019

The use of electrokinetic dissipation method to study the fluid flow law in micro-pores is of great significance to reservoir rock microfluidics. In this paper, the micro-capillary theory was combined with the coupling model of the seepage field and the current field under the excitation of the harmonic signal, and the coupling theory of the electrokinetic effect under the first-order approximation condition was derived. The dissipation equation of electrokinetic dissipation and viscous resistance dissipation and its solution were established by using Green's function method. The physical and mathematical models for the electrokinetic dissipation of reservoir rocks were constructed. The microscopic mechanism of the electrokinetic dissipation of reservoir rock were theoretically clarified. The influencing factors of the electrokinetic dissipation frequency of the reservoir rock were analyzed quantitatively. The results show that the electrokinetic effect transforms the fluid flow profile in the pores of the reservoir from parabolic to wavy; under low-frequency conditions, the apparent viscosity coefficient is greater that one and is basically unchanged. The apparent viscosity coefficient gradually approaches 1 as the frequency increases further. The viscous resistance dissipation is two orders of magnitude higher than the electrokinetic effect dissipation. When the concentration of the electrolyte exceeds 0.1mol/L, the electrokinetic dissipation can be neglected, while for the electrolyte solution (<$10^{-2}M$) in low concentration, the electrokinetic dissipation is very significant and cannot be ignored.

• Journal of Trauma and Injury
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.161-171
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• 2005

Background: The management of hepatic injuries has changed dramatically during the past two decade after the technologic breakthroughs in radiologic imaging techniques. Recently, the non-operative management of blunt hepatic trauma has become the standard of care in hemodynamically stable patients. We reviewed our experience of the non-operative management of blunt hepatic trauma. And the purpose of this study was to examine the prognostic factors and indicators affecting the decision for treatment modality of emergent hepatic trauma. Methods: The medical records of 84 patients who were treated for blunt hepatic injury at Masan Samsung Hospital from January 2002 to December 2003. The patients were divided two groups, non-operative(Non-OP) and operative(OP), according to the treatment modality. The two groups were compares for age, sex, mechanism of injury, grade of liver injury scale, combined injury, systolic blood pressure, pulse rate, hemoglobin, hematocrit, WBC count, S-GOT, S-GPT, ALP, transfusion amount during initial 24 hours, amount of infused crystalloid fluid, length of ICU stay, length of ward care, morbidity and mortality. The grade of the liver injury were determined by using the organ injury scale(OSI). Results: Among the 84 patients, 46 cases(54.8%) were managed non-surgically, and 3 cases of Non-OP group were treated by transarterial embolization. Between the two groups, there were significant difference in age, injury grade, combined injury, hemoglobin, hematocrit, initial systolic blood pressure, amount of infused crystalloid fluid, amount of transfusion during the first 24 hours, and length of ICU care, morbidity and mortality.(p<0.05) The overall mortality rate was 8.3%, but 2.2% mortality in the non-operative group. Conclusion: Non-operative management may be considered as a first choice in hemodynamic stable patients with blunt liver trauma. The reliable indicators affecting the treatment modality of blunt hepatic trauma were systolic BP, Hb, Hct, amount of infused crystalloid fluid, amount of transfusion during the first 24 hours, liver injury grade and combined injury. Strict selection of treatment madality and aggresive monitoring with intensive care unit were more important.