• 제목/요약/키워드: Flow-loading equation

검색결과 48건 처리시간 0.022초

탄소성 최소 제곱 수식화와 이를 이용한 무요소법 (The Meshfree Method Based on the Least-Squares Formulation for Elasto-Plasticity)

  • 윤성기;권기찬
    • 대한기계학회논문집A
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    • 제29권6호
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    • pp.860-875
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    • 2005
  • A new meshfree method for the analysis of elasto-plastic deformations is presented. The method is based on the proposed first-order least-squares formulation, to which the moving least-squares approximation is applied. The least-squares formulation for the classical elasto-plasticity and its extension to an incrementally objective formulation for finite deformations are proposed. In the formulation, the equilibrium equation and flow rule are enforced in least-squares sense, while the hardening law and loading/unloading condition are enforced exactly at each integration point. The closest point projection method for the integration of rate-form constitutive equation is inherently involved in the formulation, and thus the radial-return mapping algorithm is not performed explicitly. Also the penalty schemes for the enforcement of the boundary and frictional contact conditions are devised. The main benefit of the proposed method is that any structure of cells is not used during the whole process of analysis. Through some numerical examples of metal forming processes, the validity and effectiveness of the method are presented.

충격하중(衝擊荷重)을 받는 구조물(構造物)의 소성(塑性)모델에 따른 거동분석(擧動分析) (A Plastic Analysis of Structures under the Impact Loading)

  • 안병기;이상호
    • 대한토목학회논문집
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    • 제12권2호
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    • pp.21-33
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    • 1992
  • 충격하중을 받는 구조물은 초고압에서 부터 저압까지 다양한 압력을 짧은 시간에 경험하게 된다. 따라서 이들 구조물을 해석하기 위해서는 실제 물체의 재료특성을 표현할 수 있는 구성 법칙(constitutive law)이 필요하게 된다. 본 연구에서는 압력 부종속모델(pressure independent model)인 Von-Mises 모델과 압력 종속모델(pressure dependent model)인 Drucker-Prager 모델을 사용하여 충격과 폭발 현상시 발생하는 응력파의 전파과정(propagation process)을 재료특성에 따라 비교 분석하였다. 응력파의 전파과정을 연구하기 위한 지배 방정식(governing equation)으로서는 물체에 종속되어 있는 라그란지안 좌표계(lagrangian coordinate system)로 표현된 운동량과 질량보존(conservation of momentum and mass)법칙을 사용하였으며 또한 충격전면(shock front)에 연속성을 부여하기 위해 인공점성(artificial viscosity)을 운동량 보존식에 첨가하였다. 주요 방정식을 풀기 위한 수치해석법으로는 시간과 공간 좌표계로 구성된 유한차분법(finite difference method)을 사용하였으며 소성변형률을 구하기 위한 소성이론으로서는 Associated normality flow rule을 사용하였다.

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재료적 비선형을 고려한 Ρ-Version 유한요소해석 (Ρ-Version Finite Element Analysis for Material Nonlinearity)

  • 정우성;홍종현;우광성;신영식
    • 한국전산구조공학회:학술대회논문집
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    • 한국전산구조공학회 1997년도 봄 학술발표회 논문집
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    • pp.71-78
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    • 1997
  • The high precision analysis by the p-version of the finite element method are fairly well established as highly efficient method for linear elastic problems, especially in the presence of stress singularity. It has been noted that the merits of p-version are accuracy, modeling simplicity, robustness, and savings in user's and CPU time. However, little has been done to exploit their benefits in elasto-plastic analysis. In this paper, the p-version finite element model is proposed for the materially nonlinear analysis that is based on the incremental theory of plasticity, the associated flow rule, and von-Mises yield criteria. To obtain the solution of nonlinear equation, the Newton-Raphson method and initial stiffness method, etc are used. Several numerical examples are tested with the help of the square plates with cutout, the thick-walled cylinder under internal pressure, and the center cracked plate under tensile loading. Those results are compared with the there cal solutions and the numerical solutions of ADINA software.

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CFD-FSI simulation of vortex-induced vibrations of a circular cylinder with low mass-damping

  • Borna, Amir;Habashi, Wagdi G.;McClure, Ghyslaine;Nadarajah, Siva K.
    • Wind and Structures
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    • 제16권5호
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    • pp.411-431
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    • 2013
  • A computational study of vortex-induced transverse vibrations of a cylinder with low mass-damping is presented. An Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE) formulation of the Unsteady Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes equations (URANS), along with the Spalart-Allmaras (SA) one-equation turbulence model, are coupled conservatively with rigid body motion equations of the cylinder mounted on elastic supports in order to study the amplitude and frequency response of a freely vibrating cylinder, its flow-induced motion, Vortex Street, near-wake flow structure, and unsteady loading in a moderate range of Reynolds numbers. The time accurate response of the cylinder from rest to its limit cycle is studied to explore the effects of Reynolds number on the start of large displacements, motion amplitude, and frequency. The computational results are compared with published physical experiments and numerical studies. The maximum amplitudes of displacements computed for various Reynolds numbers are smaller than the experimental values; however, the overall agreement of the results is quite satisfactory, and the upper branch of the limit-cycle displacement amplitude vs. reduced velocity response is captured, a feature that was missed by other studies. Vortex shedding modes, lock-in phenomena, frequency response, and phase angles are also in agreement with experiments.

돌기접촉을 고려한 거친 표면 위 다양한 패턴 형상에 따른 윤활 특성 연구 (Lubrication Properties of Various Pattern Shapes on Rough Surfaces Considering Asperity Contact)

  • 김미루;이승준;정재호;이득우
    • 한국기계가공학회지
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    • 제17권4호
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    • pp.39-46
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    • 2018
  • Two surfaces that have relative motion show different characteristics according to surface roughness or surface patterns in all lubrication areas. For two rough surfaces with mixed lubrication, this paper proposes a new approach that includes the contact characteristics of the surfaces and a probabilistic method for a numerical analysis of lubrication. As the contact area of the two surfaces changes according to the loading conditions, asperity contact is very important. An average flow model developed by Patir-Cheng is central to the study of lubrication for rough surfaces. This average flow model also refers to a multi-asperity contact model for deriving a modified Reynolds equation and calculating the lubricant characteristics of a bearing surface with random roughness during fluid flow. Based on the average flow model, this paper carried out a numerical analysis of lubrication using a contact model by considering a load change made by the actual contact of asperities between two surfaces. Lubrication properties show different characteristics according to the surface patterns. This study modeled various geometric surface patterns and calculated the characteristics of lubrication.

시뮬레이션 부하기법을 이용한 경로기반 동적통행배정모형의 개발 (Path-based Dynamic User Equilibrium Assignment Model using Simulation Loading Method)

  • 김현명;임용택;백승걸
    • 대한교통학회지
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    • 제19권3호
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    • pp.101-113
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    • 2001
  • 지난 20여년간 연구자들이 가장 주목한 분야 중 하나가 동적 통행배정모형(Dynamic Traffic Assignment model) 분야다. 그러나 현재까지 발표된 많은 모형들은 모형의 안정적인 수렴성과 동적 통행배정모형이 갖는 많은 제약식들을 동시에 만족시키기에는 미흡한 상태였다. 이는 동적모형이 실시간 적용되기 위해서는 이용자의 경로선택문제 뿐만 아니라 각 링크의 대기행렬 길이, 통행시간, 유입·유출 교통량의 동적 변화가 교통류이론에 부합하도록 설계되어야 하기 때문이다. 이런 측면에서 기존에 주로 사용되던 링크기반(link-based)의 통행배정 알고리즘은 위와 같은 동적 특성들을 모두 만족시키기에는 한계가 있다. 링크기반모형의 경우, 각 링크에 대해 여러 제약식 (flow Propagation, FIFO constraint 등)들을 개별적으로 만족시켜야 하는데, 실제 이러한 작업은 모형을 매우 복잡하게 만들뿐만 아니라 실제 현실상의 교통류 특성을 비현실적으로 표현하는 결과를 낳기 때문이다. 본 연구에서는 이러한 문제를 극복하기 위하여 시뮬레이션을 이용한 경로기반(Path-based) 동적 통행배정모형을 제시하고자 한다. 차량의 흐름을 좀 더 현실적으로 표현하기 위하여 개별 링크의 교통류상태를 point queue 이론으로 설명하였다. Point queue 이론은 각 링크 유출부에서의 유출교통량 및 대기시간을 전통적인 대기행렬 이론에 근거해 모형화하는 것으로 본 연구에서 실험한 결과 각 링크의 대기행렬 변화추이를 묘사하는데는 합리적인 것으로 분석되었다. 또한, 시간 종속적 기종점 교통량을 교통망에 부하하기 위해 Simulation Loading Aalgorithm(SLA)을 개발하였다. SLA를 point queue 이론과 결합할 경우 별다른 명시적 제약없이도 앞에서 언급한 제 약식들을 만족시킬 수 있으며, 동적 통행배정모형이 갖추어야 할 두 가지 필요조건 즉 수렴성과 현실적인 교통류의 동적 변화를 묘사하는 것으로 판단되었다.

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유량-부하량관계식을 이용한 지석천 유역의 부하지속곡선 적용 및 유황별 유달율 산정 (Application of Load Duration Curve and Estimation of Delivery Ratio by Flow Durations Using Discharge-Load Rating Curve at Jiseok Stream Watershed)

  • 박진환;김갑순;황경섭;이용운;임병진
    • 한국물환경학회지
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    • 제29권4호
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    • pp.523-530
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    • 2013
  • This study has been carried out to clarify the characteristics of discharge and pollutant loading according to flow conditions at jiseok stream watershed (JSW). A flow rate and pollutant load in the study watershed were estimated by equation of stage-discharge and discharge-loads rating curve. By using the methods above, I've evaluated the water quality (WQ) of the JSW if it is satisfied with the standard target. I've collected the data of BOD and T-P from the JSW every 8 days for the duration of 12 months. And then, I've schematized the data upon the load duration curve and the results showed me that the WQ of JSW was satisfied with the standard target. I've also collected the same data every each day for the duration of 12 months from JSW and have schematized the data again. And the results showed that it also was satisfied with the standard target. To be concluded, I've determined that point pollution sources of JSW gives more significant impacts to the WQ than non-point pollution sources of JSW and hence, as time goes, point pollution sources will keep depriciating the WQ of JSW. Therefore, further efforts will be required to JSW to maintain the WQ.

부산 석대 생활폐기물 매립장의 환경오염에 대한 종합적 연구 (The Synthetic Study of Environmental Contamination at the Seokdae Municipal Waste Landfill in Pusan)

  • 김병우;정상용;이민희;이병헌
    • 한국지하수토양환경학회:학술대회논문집
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    • 한국지하수토양환경학회 2001년도 총회 및 춘계학술발표회
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    • pp.98-103
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    • 2001
  • 부산 석대 생활폐기물 매립지의 환경오염 특성을 파악하기 위해 매립장 지역의 가스발생량 측정, 침출수 및 토양시료 채취, 지구통계학적, 수리지질학적 및 지구화학적 분석과 실내 주상시험을 실시하여, 침출수의 오염 부하량과 가스발생량, 가스의 농도와 지반 침하, 지질매체의 특성, 침출수의 오염 부하량과 가스발생량, 가스의 농도와 지반 침하, 지질매체의 특성, 침출수의 이동 및 확산의 관계를 고찰하였다. 그리고 물수지분석을 통하여 침출수의 발생량과 오염 부하량을 선정하였다. 매립장 A지구로부터 36개 가스정에서 획득한 가스자료를 $O_2$C $H_4$ $H_2$S, CO의 4가지 성분에 대해 지구통계학적 기법으로 분석한 결과, 다른 지점에 비해 가스의 농도가 높은 지점 주변에서 부분적으로 지반 침하가 발생하는 것으로 나타났다. Leachate-1, 2, 3에서 채취한 침출수의 화학적 분석 결과, 전기전도도와 Total Alkalinity는 높게 나타났으나, Cl, Cr, Mn, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb 등이 과거보다 감소하였고, 수질유형은 삼각다이아그램에서 Na-HC $O_3$형으로 나타난다. Leachate-1, 2, 3에서 채취한 침출수의 화학적 분석 결과 전기전도도와 Total Alkalinity는 다이아그램에서 Na-HC $O_3$형으로 나타난다. 수질분석 결과에 의하면 생활폐기물의 생분해가 아직도 계속해서 활발히 진행되고 있는 것으로 판단된다. 물수지분석 결과, 순수하게 지하로 침투하는 침출수량은 약 465.11㎥/day이고, Cl, Mn, Fe의 순수오염 부하량은 각각 223.8kg/day, 0.2kg/day, 0.3kg/day로 추정된다. 매질에 대한 실내 주상시험에서 기반암 풍화토와 매립토에 대한 선형유속(equation omitted)은 각각 0.206cm, 0.019cm, 확산계수( $D_{ι}$)는 각각 0.234$\textrm{cm}^2$/min, 0.118$\textrm{cm}^2$/min, 종분산 지수 ($\alpha$$_{ι}$)는 각각 1.136cm, 0.095cm로 복토재로 사용된 매립토보다 기반암풍화토가 오염물질의 확산속도가 더 큰 것으로 나타났다.

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Pressure distribution on rectangular buildings with changes in aspect ratio and wind direction

  • Lee, Young Tae;Boo, Soo Ii;Lim, Hee Chang;Misutani, Kunio
    • Wind and Structures
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    • 제23권5호
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    • pp.465-483
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    • 2016
  • This study aims to enhance the understanding of the surface pressure distribution around rectangular bodies, by considering aspects such as the suction pressure at the leading edge on the top and side faces when the body aspect ratio and wind direction are changed. We carried out wind tunnel measurements and numerical simulations of flow around a series of rectangular bodies (a cube and two rectangular bodies) that were placed in a deep turbulent boundary layer. Based on a modern numerical platform, the Navier-Stokes equations with the typical two-equation model (i.e., the standard $k-{\varepsilon}$ model) were solved, and the results were compared with the wind tunnel measurement data. Regarding the turbulence model, the results of the $k-{\varepsilon}$ model are in overall agreement with the experimental results, including the existing data. However, because of the blockage effects in the computational domain, the pressure recovery region is underpredicted compared to the experimental data. In addition, the $k-{\varepsilon}$ model sometimes will fail to capture the exact flow features. The primary emphasis in this study is on the flow characteristics around rectangular bodies with various aspect ratios and approaching wind directions. The aspect ratio and wind direction influence the type of wake that is generated and ultimately the structural loading and pressure, and in particular, the structural excitation. The results show that the surface pressure variation is highly dependent upon the approaching wind direction, especially on the top and side faces of the cube. In addition, the transverse width has a substantial effect on the variations in surface pressure around the bodies, while the longitudinal length has less influence compared to the transverse width.

핀이 부착된 와이어형 방전극의 형상에 따른 코로나 방전특성에 대한 연구 (Experimental Study on the Corona Discharge Characteristics of the Pin-plate Electrode Geometries)

  • 정성일;이재근;정동규;안영철
    • 대한기계학회논문집B
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    • 제30권2호
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    • pp.95-100
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    • 2006
  • Electrostatic precipitators(EPs) have low pressure drop and high dust collection efficiency and are widely used for industrial dust collectors. The current-voltage characteristics, which are important to maintain high dust collection efficiency, depend on several factor: discharge electrode shape, gas flow property, dust loading etc. In this study, experiments are performed to investigate the current-voltage characteristics of the corona discharge of various electrode geometries and an empirical model is proposed to predict current-voltage characteristics of the corona discharge. The corona onset voltage correction coefficient$(\alpha)$ and the geometry correction coefficient$(k_g)$ are used to the conventional equation for wire-plate type discharge electrode. The corona onset voltages are -6.3kV and almost constant when the numbers of discharge pins are varied from 3 to 9. The length of discharge pins has very sensitive effects on the corona onset voltage. They are increased from -6.3 to -7.8kV when the discharge pin length are 8.5 and 4.5mm, respectively. The empirical model shows good agreement with experimental results and can predict the effects of discharge pin length and number.