• 한국멀티미디어학회논문지
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• 제17권12호
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• pp.1453-1460
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• 2014

WFQ (Weighted Fair Queuing) provides not only fairness among traffic flows in using bandwidth but also guarantees the Quality of Service (QoS) that individual flow requires, which is why it has been applied to the resource reservation protocol (RSVP)-capable router. The RSVP allocates an enough resource to satisfy both the rate and end-to-end delay requirements of the flow in the condition of no packet loss, and the WFQ scheduler guarantees those QoS requirements with the allocated resource. In practice, however, most QoS-guaranteed services allow a degree of packet loss, especially from 0.1% to 3% for Voice over IP. This paper discovers that the packet loss rate of each traffic flow is determined by only its time-stamp adjustment value, and then enhances the WFQ to provide a differentiated packet loss guarantee under general traffic conditions in terms of both traffic characteristics and QoS requirements. The performance evaluation showed that the proposed WFQ could increase the utilization of bandwidth by 8~11%.

• 한국유체기계학회 논문집
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• 제11권6호
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• pp.46-53
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• 2008

Flow structures in an axial compressor with a non-uniform tip clearance were predicted by solving a simple prediction method. For more reliable prediction at the off-design condition, off-design flow characteristics such as loss and flow blockage were incorporated in the model. The predicted results showed that flow field near the design condition is largely dependent on the local tip clearance effect. However overall flow field characteristics are totally reversed at off-design condition, especially at the high flow coefficient. The tip clearance effect decreases, while the local loss and flow blockage make a complicated effect on the compressor flow field. The resultant fluid induced Alford's force has a negative value near the design condition and it reverses its sign as the flow coefficient increases and shows a very steep increase as the flow coefficient increases.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제51권6호
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• pp.1532-1539
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• 2019

This paper analyzes a new method for reducing boiling water reactor fuel temperature during a Loss of Coolant Accident (LOCA). The method uses a device called Reverse Flow Restriction Device (RFRD) at the inlet of fuel bundles in the core to prevent coolant loss from the bundle inlet due to the reverse flow after a large break in the recirculation loop. The device allows for flow in the forward direction which occurs during normal operation, while after the break, the RFRD device changes its status to prevent reverse flow. In this paper, a detailed simulation of LOCA has been carried out using the U.S. NRC's TRACE code to investigate the effect of RFRD on the flow rate as well as peak clad temperature of BWR fuel bundles during three different LOCA scenarios: small break LOCA (25% LOCA), large break LOCA (100% LOCA), and double-ended guillotine break (200% LOCA). The results demonstrated that the device could substantially block flow reversal in fuel bundles during LOCA, allowing for coolant to remain in the core during the coolant blowdown phase. The device can retain additional cooling water after activating the emergency systems, which maintains the peak clad temperature at lower levels. Moreover, the RFRD achieved the reflood phase (when the saturation temperature of the clad is restored) earlier than without the RFRD.

• Journal of Communications and Networks
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.297-305
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• 2009

Multiprotocol label switching (MPLS) networks require dynamic flow admission control to guarantee end-to-end quality of service (QoS) for each Internet protocol (IP) traffic flow. In this paper, we propose to tackle the joint routing and admission control problem for the IP traffic flows in MPLS networks without rerouting already admitted flows. We propose two mathematical programming models for this problem. The first model includes end-to-end delay constraints and the second one, end-to-end packet loss constraints. These end-to-end QoS constraints are imposed not only for the new traffic flow, but also for all already admitted flows in the network. The objective function of both models is to minimize the end-to-end delay for the new flow. Numerical results show that considering end-to-end delay (or packet loss) constraints for all flows has a small impact on the flow blocking rate. Moreover, we reduces significantly the mean end-to-end delay (or the mean packet loss rate) and the proposed approach is able to make its decision within 250 msec.

• Membrane and Water Treatment
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.37-41
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• 2021

This paper presents the multiscale calculation results of the very fast volume transport in micro/nano cylindrical tubes with the wall slippage. There simultaneously occurs the adsorbed layer flow and the intermediate continuum fluid flow which are respectively on different scales. The modeled fluid is water and the tube wall is somewhat hydrophobic. The calculation shows that the power loss on the tube no more than 1.0 Watt/m can generate the wall slippage even if the fluid-tube wall interfacial shear strength is 1 MPa; The power loss on the scale 104 Watt/m produces the volume flow rate through the tube more than one hundred times higher than the classical hydrodynamic theory calculation even if the fluid-tube wall interfacial shear strength is 1 MPa. When the wall slippage occurs, the volume flow rate through the tube is in direct proportion to the power loss on the tube but in inverse proportion to the fluid-tube wall interfacial shear strength. For low interfacial shear strengths such as no more than 1 kPa, the transport in the tube appears very fast with the magnitude more than 4 orders higher than the classical calculation if the power loss on the tube is on the scale 104 Watt/m.

• 한국전산유체공학회지
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2013

In nuclear power plant, the reactor cooling system has maintained high-Reynolds-number flow above 1E+07 to cool a heat generated by the reactor. To minimize uncertainty for flow calibration, it is necessary to simulate the high Reynolds' number flow. Y-connection is selected to connect four (4) parallel high flow circulation pumps for maintaining the high flow rate. This paper describes the characteristics for Y-connection by computer flow simulation. It was confirmed through the results that the pressure loss of the Y-connection was lower than that of T-connection. Also as the connection angle of Y-connection was small, as the pressure loss was low.

• 한국유체기계학회 논문집
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.45-51
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• 2008

The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of nozzle shape on the performance and internal flow of a cross-flow hydro turbine. CFD analysis for three kinds of nozzle shape is conducted to simulate the effect of nozzle shape. The results reveal that relatively narrow nozzle width is effective to increase the turbine efficiency and output power. Almost output power is achieved at Stage 1. Therefore, optimum design of the nozzle shape is necessary to improve the turbine performance. Recirculation flow in the runner passage decreases the turbine efficiency and output power because the flow make hydraulic loss and collision loss in the region. Air should be put into the runner passage and the recirculating flow should be suppressed by the air layer in the runner.

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.218-228
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• 1996

The behaviors of the mixture at the downstream of throttle valve in a TBI type gasoline engine plays a greater role in design of intake system. A good mixture has been influencing directly not only on the engine power but also on the pollutant emission. The mixture flow in an intake manifold is very complex, and the flow characteristics are varied with the valve type, valve angle, inlet air flow rate, and the other flow factors. Three kinds of valve are chosen in this study, and the informations of the mixture flow are observed experimentally using a PIV apparatus. Perforate valve has a smaller recirculation zone than the case of solid valve with a lower valve loss coefficient, and iti is verified that the perforated valve is also suitable to control the flow rate in a mixture flow system.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.14-21
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• 2017

본 최근 지구의 온난화로 인하여 극한 홍수가 자주 발생하고 있으며, 기존 도시 유역의 우수배제시설 용량부족 등으로 도시홍수가 빈번하게 발생하고 있으므로, 주요 범람지역의 홍수량을 우회하거나 저류하여 홍수를 방지하기 위한 수로터널의 개발이 요구된다. 본 연구에서는 교통기능과 수로기능을 동시에 갖춘 다기능 수로 터널의 설계 기준을 개발하기 위한 수리 실험 및 Flow3D를 이용한 수치모의을 수행하였다. 수치모의결과 동일한 수로 터널 구간 내 발생하는 마찰손실의 크기는 수치모의로 도출된 마찰손실이 이론적으로 계산한 마찰손실보다 더 크게 발생함을 관측하였으며, 이는 수로의 형상이 비원형인 경우에는 관의 기하학적 형상에 의한 흐름구조의 변화로 추가적인 마찰손실이 발생하는 것이 원인으로 판단된다. 마찰손실의 증가는 난류보다 층류에서 두드러졌다. 따라서 터널의 홍수량 흐름 시 마찰손실계수가 터널의 형상에 좌우되며, 실무에서 정확한 설계를 위해 방수로 터널의 형상을 주의 깊게 고려해야 한다는 결론을 내렸다. 이는 실제 방수로 터널 설계에 활용될 수 있는 기본 정보를 제공할 수 있을 것으로 보인다.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.430-438
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• 2002

본 연구에서는 Prodigy(Kerr, USA), Vitalescence(Ultradent, USA), Z 250(3M, USA), Filtek flow(3M, USA)의 4종의 복합레진을 사용하여 각 제품의 분해저항성을 평가하고자 하였다. 무게손실, 표면하 분해층 깊이, 용출된 Si 농도를 기준으로 각 레진의 분해저항성을 평가하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 무게손실량은 Prodigy와 Vitalescence사이, Z 250과 Filtek flow사이에는 차이를 보이지 않았으며 전후 제품군 간에는 차이를 보였다(p<0.05). 2. 분해층 깊이는 Z 250, Filtek flow, Prodigy, Vitalescence순으로 감소하였으며, 네가지 제품간에는 유의한 차이를 보였다(p<0.05). 3. Si 용출량은 Filtek flow, Z 250, Prodigy, Vitalescence 순으로 감소하였으며, 각 제품 간에는 유의한 차이를 보였다(p<0.05). 4. 각 제품의 무게손실과 분해층 깊이 사이(r=0.714, p<0.05), 무게손실과 Si 용출량 사이(r=0.770, p<0.05), 분해층 깊이와 Si 용출량 사이 (r=0.930, p<0.05)에는 높은 상관관계를 보였다. 5. 주사전자현미경 관찰시 NaOH 용액에 보관한 후 레진 기질과 필러 사이의 결합의 파괴를 관찰할 수 있었다. 6. 공촛점 레이저 현미경 관찰시 NaOH용액에 보관한 후 레진의 분해층 깊이를 관찰할 수 있었다.