• Korean Journal of Hydrosciences
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• 제6권
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• pp.23-37
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• 1995

In this experimental paper, the maximum scour depth at pier was student. The model of the pier of San Gye bridge in the Bocheong stream was set for the experimental studies. Several model verification processes were conducted through the roughness comparisons between model and prototype, pursuing scour depth variations with time depending upon channel bed variation, the comparison of the ratios between falling velocities and shear velocities in the model and prototype, and the comparison of pier scour depths between experimental data and field measuring data. The experiments were conducted in the free flow conditions and pressure flow conditions. The maximum scour depth at piers in the pressure flow conditions is almost twice as much as compared to the free flow conditions. Also, the maximum scour depth variations are indicated in the figures based on the Froude numbers, opening ratios, water depths and approaching angles in the free surface flow conditions.

• 한국소성가공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국소성가공학회 2005년도 추계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.251-254
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• 2005

The flow forming has been used to produce long thin walled tube parts, with reduced forming load and enhanced mechanical and surface quality for a good finished part compared with other method formed parts. So flow forming technique is used widely in industrial production. Especially spinning and flow farming techniques an used frequently in automotive, aerial, defense industry. In this paper, FEM analysis of three-roller backward flow forming of a workpiece is carried out to study effects of forming depth and feed rate on forming force. The axial and radial forces on several forming depth and feed rate conditions are obtained. The phenomena such as bell mouth, build up and bulging during simulation are observed as well.

• 한국안전학회지
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• 제30권6호
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• pp.63-69
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• 2015

In this study, a 2D hydrodynamic model equipped with critical dry depth scheme was developed to reproduce the flow over staircase. The channel geometry of hydraulic experiment conducted by Ishigaki et al. was generated in the computational space, and the developed model was validated against flow properties such as discharge, velocity and momentum. In addition, the water surface profile and the velocity distribution evolved in flow over two layers staircases were analyzed. When the initial water depth at the upper floor was 0.3 m, the maximum velocity at lower floor was 4.2 m/s, and the maximum momentum was $1.2m^3/s^2$, and its conversion to force per unit width was 1.2 kN/m. This value was equivalent to the hydrostatic force with 50 cm water depth, and evacuation became difficult, as proposed by Ishigaki et al. For the flow over staircases connecting two layers, the maximum run-up height in flat part connecting two layers was approximately two times higher than the initial water depth in upper floor, and the rapid shock wave with sharp front and long tail was propagated.

• 한국가구학회지
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.307-311
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• 2007

An experiment was conducted to know the essential oil penetration depth in radial and longitudinal direction of Prunus sargentii. Oil penetration depth was found greater than radial flow depth. Vessel conducted oil more than wood fiber. In radial direction, body ray parenchyma was found more permeable than marginal ray parenchyma and it was about 138% times higher. Furthermore penetration depth of oil in intercellular space was greater than ray parenchyma and it was about 250% higher than ray parenchymas. Initial flow speed was found high and then it gradually decreased.

• 한국농공학회지
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.2853-2877
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• 1973

Models of cross-sections and channels were made in order to measure seepage losses. Cross-sections were made of sand, sandy clay loam and loam, their thicknesses being 30cm and 40cm, respectively. Flow depths kept in the cross-sections were 4cm, 6cm, 8cm and 10cm. Straight and curved channel models were provided so as to measure seepage losses, when constant water depths maintained at the heads of the channels were 7.3cm and 5.7cm, respectively. The results obtained in this experiment are presented as follows: 1) A cumulative seepage loss per unit length at a point in the channel varies in accordance with time and flow depth. The general equation of cumulative seepage loss may be as follows(Ref. to Table V.25): $$q_{cum}=\int_{o}^aq(a)dt+\int_a^bq(b)dt+\int_b^tq(c)dt$$ 2) In case that the variation of water depth through the channel is slight, the total seepage loss may be computed by applying the following general equation: $$\={q}_{cum}{\cdot}x=\int_o^tq_{cum}\frac{{\partial}x}{{\partial}t}dt$$ 3) Because seepage loss varies considerably according to water depth in case that the variation of flow depth through the channel is great, seepage loss should be computed by taking account of the change of flow depth. 4) The relation between time and traveling distance of water flow may be presented as the following general equation(Ref. to Table V.29): $$x=pt^r$$ 5) The ratios of the seepage losses of the straight channel to the curved channel are 1:1.03 for a flow depth of 7.3cm and 1:1.068 for that of 5.7cm. 6) The ratios of the seepage losses occurring through the bottom to those through the inclined plane in the channel cross-section are 1:2.24 for a water depth of 8cm and 1:2.47 for a depth of 10cm in case that soil-layer is 30cm in thickness. Similarly, those ratios are 1:2.62 and 1:2.93 in case of a soil-layer thickness of 40cm(Ref. to Table V.5).

• 설비공학논문집
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.129-136
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• 2006

Optimal design of an air-to-liquid finned plate heat exchanger is considered theoretically in this study. Based on existing correlations for the pressure loss and the heat transfer in channel flows, the optimal configuration of the plate heat exchanger including the optimal plate pitch and the optimal fin pitch is obtained to maximize the heat transfer within the limit of the pressure drop for a given flow depth of the plate heat exchanger. It is found that the optimal fin pitch is about one ninth of the optimal plate pitch. In the optimal configuration, the flow and thermal condition in the channels is just at the boundary between the laminar developing and laminar fully developed states. It is also found when reducing the flow depth of plate heat exchangers for compactness, the heat transfer performance can be maintained exactly the same if the geometric parameters such as the plate thickness, plate pitch, fin thickness, and fin pitch are reduced proportional to the square root of the flow depth as long as the flow keeps laminar within the heat exchangers.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.333-342
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• 1995

The resistance to air flow through fruits and vegetables in bulk was an important consideration in the design of the pressure cooling system. The amount of resistance to air flow through produce in bulk normally depended upon air flow rate, stacking depth, porosity, stacking patterns and shape and site of product. But, there was not enough information relating the effects of those factors on air flow resistance. The objectives of this study were to investigate the effect of stacking depth, stacking patterns, porosity and airflow rate on airflow resistance and to develop a statistical model to predict static pressure drop across the produce bed as a function of air flow rate, stacking depth, bed porosity, and product size. Mandarins and tomatoes were used in the experiment. The airflow rate were in the range of 0.1~1.0 ㎥/s.$m^2$, the porosity were in the range of 0.25~0.45, the depth were in the range of 0.3~0.9m and the equivalent diameters were 5.3cm and 6.3cm for mandarins, and 6.5cm and 8.5cm for tomatoes. Three methods of stacking arrangement were used i.e. cubic, square staggered, and staggered stacking arrangement. The results were summarized as follows. 1. The pressure drops across produce bed increased in proportion to stacking depth and superficial air velocity and decreased in proportion to porosity. 2. The increasing rates of pressure drop according to stacking patterns with the increase of superficial air velocity were different one another. The staggered stacking arrangement produced the highest increasing rate and the cubic stacking arrangement produced the lowest increasing rate. But it could be assumed that the stacking patterns had not influenced greatly on pressure drops if it was of equal porosity. 3. The statistical models to predict the pressure drop across produce bed as a function of superficial air velocity, stacking depth, porosity, and product diameter were developed from these experiments.

• Ecology and Resilient Infrastructure
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• 제5권4호
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• pp.210-218
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• 2018

본 연구에서는 침수된 계단 흐름의 변화에 따른 인명의 대피 안전성을 분석하기 위하여 실규모의 계단 수로 모형을 제작하여 수리 실험을 수행하였다. 실험에서는 계단 각각의 단에서의 수심과 유속을 측정하였으며 이를 이용하여 단위 폭당 비력을 산출하였다. 그리고 산출된 단위 폭당 비력 값을 이용하여 침수된 계단 흐름의 변화에 따른 구간별 대피 안전성을 제시하였다. 실험을 통해 측정된 수심 값과 Ishigaki의 단위 폭당 비력에 따른 대피 안전성 그래프를 결합하여 분석한 결과 계단 흐름 수심 0.20 m 이상에서는 도움 없이 성인 남성의 대피가 어려운 것이 확인되었으며, 수심 0.15 m 이상에서는 성인 여성과 노인 남성이 도움 없이 대피가 어려운 것으로 확인되었다. 노인 여성의 경우 수심 0.13 m 이상에서 도움 없이 대피가 어려운 것으로 나타났다.

• 설비공학논문집
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• 제28권11호
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• pp.444-449
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• 2016

The main objective of this work is to experimentally investigate the effect of angle variation and intrusion depth of channels on the distribution of two-phase flow at header-channel junctions. The dimensions of the header and the channels in cross-section were fixed at $16mm{\times}16mm$ and $12mm{\times}1.8mm$, respectively. Air and water were used as the test fluids. Two different header-channel positions were tested : a vertical header with horizontal channels (case VM-HC) and a horizontal header with horizontal channels (case HM-HC). In all cases, the intrusion depths of the channels are 0 mm, 2 mm, and 4 mm. For the case of the intrusion depth of VM-HC, the flow distribution became more uniform. However, the intrusion depth negatively affected the flow distribution for the case of HM-HC because liquid separation delay occurred.

• 한국해안·해양공학회논문집
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.255-267
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• 2008

대표적인 상용 CFD 코드 중 하나인 FLOW-$3D^{(R)}$에 포함된 강체에 대한 6-자유도 운동을 적용한 음해법의 GMO 방법을 이용하여 항주파의 재현 가능성을 살펴보았다. 모델에 의한 항주파의 형상 재현시 depth Froude number에 따른 수평 파형이 잘 재현되었으며, 선박의 직선항로 항행시 일정한 수심인 경우와 실제 수심인 경우를 비교함으로써 모델이 수심에 따른 파형의 변화를 잘 재현함을 알 수 있었다. 또한, 모델에 의해 실제 수심조건에서 두 척의 선박이 교차 진행할 경우와 선박이 곡선항로를 항행할 경우에 대한 항주파를 잘 재현할 수 있음을 보였다. 따라서, FLOW-$3D^{(R)}$를 이용하여 항주파를 수치모의할 경우 관측을 통한 모델의 검 보정을 통해 항로와 항구에서의 항주파를 보다 정확하게 예측할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.