Fig. 1. Structure of real-scale experimental stairs model (River Experiment Center in Andong).
Fig. 2. Criteria of safe evacuation described by water depth and velocity. (Ishigaki, 2011)
Fig. 3. Illustration of skimming flow regime and measuring point
Fig. 4. Real-scale experiment and velocity measuring
Fig. 5. Distributions of the specific force per unit width along evacuation route in the normal cases. Double dashed lines are the criterion of u2h/g+h2/=0.125 for safe evacuation and the dashed lines are the limit of 0.250 for evacuation without any help. (Ishigaki, 2008a)
Fig. 6. Comparison of experimental results with previous experiments.
Fig. 7. Distribution of specific force per unit width and the limit of safe evacuation.
Fig. 8. Distribution of specific force per unit width and the difficulties without any help.
Fig. 9. Determination of safe evacuation criteria using depth combined with Ishigaki’s Criteria line of safe evacuation.
Table 1. Specification of experimental stairs model
Table 2. Criteria of safe evacuation presented by the specific force per unit width, Mo (m3/m). (Ishigaki, 2011)
Table 3. Discharge case VS. Average depth & average velocity
참고문헌
- Joo, J. and Kim, T.H. 2015. An experimental study on evacuation ability during underground space inundation. Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation 15(2): 189-196. https://doi.org/10.9798/KOSHAM.2015.15.2.189
- Leandro, J., Bung, D.B. and Carvalho, R. 2014. Measuring void fraction and velocity fields of a stepped spillway for skimming flow using non-intrusive methods. Experiment in Fluids 55: 1732. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-014-1732-6
- Chamani1, M. R. and Rajaratnam, N. 1999. Characteristics of skimming flow over stepped spillways. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, ASCE 125: 361-368. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1999)125:4(361)
- Karvonen, R.A., Hepojoki, A., Huhta, H.K. and Louhio, A. 2000. The use of physical models in dam-break analysis. RESCDAM Final Report. Helsinki University of Technology, Helsinki, Finland. (in Finland)
- Boes, R.M. and Hager, W.H. 2003. Hydraulic design of stepped spillways. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, ASCE 129: 671-679. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(2003)129:9(671)
- Sorensen, R.M. 1985. Stepped spillway hydraulic model investigation. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, ASCE 111: 1461-1472. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1985)111:12(1461)
- Abt, S. R., Wittler, R. J., Taylor, A. and Love, D.J. 1989. Human stability in a high flood hazard zone. Water Resources Bulletin 25(4): 881-890. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1989.tb05404.x
- Ishigaki, T., Toda, K., Baba, Y. Inoue, K. and Nakagawa, H. 2006. Experimental study on evacuation from underground space by using real size models. Annual Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, JSCE 50: 583-588. https://doi.org/10.2208/prohe.50.583
- Ishigaki, T., Kawanaka, R., Onishi, Y., Shimada, H. Toda, K. and Baba, Y. 2008b. Assessment of safety on evacuation route during underground flooding. Proceedings of 16th APD-IAHR. Nanjing. China. 141-146.
- Ishigaki, T., Asai, Y., Nakahata, Y., Shimada, H., Baba Y. and Toda, K. 2010. Evacuation of aged persons from inundated underground space. Water Science & Technology. IWA Publishing 62(8): 1807-1812. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.455
- Ishigaki, T., Ozaki, T., Inoue, T., Shimada, H. and Toda, K. 2011. Drainage System, Rainwater Flooding and Underground Inundation in Urban Area. Proceedings of 12th International Conference on Urban Drainage. Porto Alegre. Brazil.
- Ishigaki, T., Onishi, Y., Asai, Y., Toda, K. and Shimada, H. 2008a. Evacuation criteria during urban flooding in underground space. Proceedings of 11th International Conference on Urban Drainage. Scotland. UK.