• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.509-523
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• 2012

This basic study is to present the methods and raw data for carrying out to objectively assess an ecosystem by developing the plant ecological indices. The results are as follows. The plant ecological indices were 7 units including RI (Rare Index), EI (Endemic Index), SI (Specific Index), NI (Naturalized Index), UI (Urbanized Index), Pte-Q (Pteridophyta Index) and HI (Halophytes Index). The vascular plants in Mt. Waryong, Mt. Bongmyeong and Bito island were summarized as 471 taxa including 104 families, 294 genera, 419 species, 3 subspecies, 41 varieties and 8 forms. We surveyed 5 taxa of rare plants, 7 taxa of endemic plants, 38 taxa of specific plants by floristic region, 40 taxa of naturalized plants, 1 taxa of invasive alien plant, 19 taxa of pteridophyta and 14 taxa of halophytes. Bito island had the highest RI was 1.2%. Mt. Bongmyeong was 1.4% higher than other sites. If the SI of 2.9% was the highest in Bito island. Bito island was the highest NI, and the UI was the hightest in Mt. Waryong. Mt. Bongmyeong was the lowest NI and UI. In Mt. Waryong and Bito island, the highest DI was 9.1%. The Pte-Q of Mt. Waryong was 1.3 higher than the other sites. Bito island, the highest HI was 8.1%. Overall, 1.5% of RI, 1.9% of EI, 2.3% of SI, 8.5% of NI, 14.3% of UI, 9.1% of DI, 1.0 of Pte-Q and 3.0% were analyzed with HI.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.409-426
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• 2013

The purpose of this study is to present the raw data for management and conservation of tidal flat by objective surveying and analysing the halophytes and vegetation distributed in Seocheon tidal flat wetland conservation area, Korea. The results are as follows. The numbers of halophytes in this site were summarized as 27 taxa including 13 families, 21 genera, 26 species and 1 variety. In the results of ecologically important species, rare plant was 1 taxa, 10 taxa of the specific plants by floristic region, 1 taxa of naturalized plant and 1 taxa of the plant with approval for delivering oversea. The life form spectrum consisted of therophytes(44.4%), hemicryptophytes(25.9%), geophytes(14.8%), nanophanerophytes(7.5%), chamaephytes and hydatophytes(each 3.7%). The types of vegetation of Seocheon tidal flat wetland conservation area were classified with 17 communities including Vitex rotundifolia community, Suaeda maritima community, Calystegia soldanella community and so forth. In the halophytes composition, section C and E-1 had the largest character species and companion species. In the results of vegetation amount, section C, D, E-1 and E-2 were the highest score, on the other hand, section A and B were the lowest. The final rating was calculated by adding up values of two factors, and section C and E-1 had the highest rating of II. In future, we will survey the whole flora in Seocheon tidal flat, we will offer the help to establishing the conservation plan of coastal plant ecosystem in West Sea.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.55-66
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• 2012

This study was carried out to investigate vegetation of Rhododendron mucronulatum habitat in Mt. Biseul to recommend basic information for synecological characteristics and management methods. The survey was carried out from May to July, 2011 and totally 46 vegetation data including 42 families 93 genera 108 species 16 varieties and 5 forma were collected and analyzed. Among the investigated 129 taxa, the numbers of rare plant resources were summarized as 19 taxa; The rare plants designated by Korea Forest Service, the specific plants by floristic region and the endemic plants were listed as 3 taxa, 15 taxa and 4 taxa, respectively. Rhododendron mucronulatum habitat of Mt. Biseul was classified into 3 plant communities (Carex lanceolata-Rhododendron mucronulatum community, Potentilla dickinsii-Selaginella rossii community, Carex lanceolata-Quercus mongolica community). Carex lanceolata-Rhododendron mucronulatum community was subdivided into Tripterygium regelii subunit and Miscanthus sinensis for. purpurascens subunit by human interference degree. And synecology, syndynamics, synchorology of these plant communities were identified, and Site-species ordination analysis by Principal Coordinate Analysis (PCoA) reflected that human impact, soil moisture condition were main ecological factors determining the distribution pattern of classified plant communities. Therefore these plant communities correspond to quite distinctive 4 habitat types : unstable-dry type=Miscanthus sinensis for. purpurascens subunit, unstable-moderate type=Tripterygium regelii subunit, stable-dry type=Potentilla dickinsii-Selaginella rossii community, stable-moderate type=Carex lanceolata-Quercus mongolica community. Finally, through the vegetational diagnosis, proper management methods such as a limit on the access of visitors, planting of native woody plants after removing unwanted vines or grass were suggested.

• Proceedings of the KSRS Conference
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• 2007.10a
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• pp.98-100
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• 2007

Tropical forests have variety of biodiversity values, which provide invaluable services to the living being on earth. In the recent years, tropical forests are regarded as valuable global resources that act as sink for carbon dioxide in order to mitigate global climatic change. In many parts of the world, tropical forests are being rapidly cleared by various means. Soil organic carbon (SOC) is concentrated in the upper 12 inches of the soil. So it is readily depleted owing to the degradation activities. In the present study, it was aimed to assess the magnitude of disturbance in the availability of SOC in a semi- evergreen forest, situated in the Eastern Ghats of Tamil Nadu, India. The forest density of this region was mapped with QuickBird satellite data. Intensive field soil sampling and floristic study were conducted to estimate the SOC status in different density classes and to identify the species availability. The SOC density ranged from 274.06 t/ha to 147.84 t/ha in the very dense and degraded semi-evergreen forest respectively. The SOC content was also varied from 3.70 to 1.83 % in the very dense semi-evergreen and medium semi-evergreen forests respectively. The species composition in different density classes was also varied considerably. As a result of this study, it was identified that the disturbance to forests by various means not only affect the density of forests but also affect the below ground SOC status proportionately.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.61-80
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• 2012

This study is to offer the basic data for restoration and conservation of wetland ecosystem by surveying and analysing the flora distributed in the Binae marsh, Namhan River, Chungju-si. The flora in the Binae marsh were verified 204 taxa including 48 families, 152 genera, 179 species, 23 varieties and 2 forms. In flora, pteridophyta were 2 taxa including 1 family, 1 genus and 2 species, among angiospermae, dicotyledonae were 153 taxa including 37 families, 110 genera, 138 species, 13 varieties and 2 forms and monocotyledonae were 49 taxa including 10 families, 41 genera, 39 species and 10 varieties. In the result of classifying the life form of flora, megaphanerophytes (M), nanophanerophytes (N) and chamaiphytes (Ch) were each 9 taxa (4.4%), 37 taxa (18.1%) of hemicryptophytes (H), 19 taxa (9.3%) of geophytes (G), 97 taxa (47.6%) of therophytes (Th) and 24 taxa (11.8%) of hydrophytes (HH). The rare plant designated by Korea Forest Service was 1 taxa (Aristolochia contorta), and the endemic plant was 1 taxa (Salix koriyanagi) too. The specific plants by floristic region were 6 taxa. From among these, the species of degree I were 5 taxa including Salix chaenomeloides, Aristolochia contorta, Artemisia selengensis, Cirsium pendulum and Vallisneria natans, and degree III was 1 taxa including Alisma orientale. The naturalized plants were 45 taxa and the invasive alien plants were 3 taxa including Sicyos angulatus, Ambrosia artemisiifolia and Ambrosia trifida. The naturalized index (NI) was about 22.1%, 16.1% of urbanized index (UI) and 27.3% of disturbed index (DI). The extinct species by construction were 17 taxa including Persicaria sagittata, Typha orientalis, Zizania latifolia and so forth. The new-occured species were 14 taxa including Brassica juncea, Thlaspi arvense, Carduus crispus and so forth. The important species among the extinct species were Aristolochia contorta, Alisma orientale and Vallisneria natans.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.13-33
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• 2014

The purpose of this study is to offer the raw data for establishing the management and restoration plan by objective surveying and analysing the flora distributed in Seoak District, Gyeongju National Park, Korea. The flora summarized as 411 taxa including 92 families, 285 genera, 363 species, 2 subspecies, 41 varieties and 5 forms. The rare plants designated by Korea Forest Service were 2 taxa including Exochorda serratifolia and Potentilla discolor. The Korean endemic plants were 3 taxa including Philadelphus schrenkii, Lespedeza maritima and Weigela subsessilis. The specific plants by floristic region were 16 taxa including Asplenium sarelii, Pyrrosia petiolosa, Vitex negundo var. incisa and so forth. The target plants adaptable to climate change were 2 taxa including Lespedeza maritima and Carpesium macrocephalum, and the plants with approval for delivering oversea were 4 taxa including Exochorda serratifolia, Glycine soja, Lespedeza maritima and Weigela subsessilis. The naturalized plants were 51 taxa including Phytolacca americana, Viola papilionacea, Lamium purpureum and so forth. The invasive alien plants were 3 taxa including Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Aster pilosus and Lactuca scariola. NI(Naturalized Index) was 12.4% of all 411 taxa of surveyed flora in this study and UI(Urbanized Index) was 15.9% of all 321 taxa of naturalized plants in Korea. Potentilla discolor in rare plant, Philadelphus schrenkii in endemic plant and Dictamnus dasycarpus in specific plant were established the conservation plan. Whereas, invasive alien plants such as Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Aster pilosus and Lactuca scariola should be removed as soon as possible. The damaged sites in Seoak District were divided between wildfire area and farmland. To restore a forest fire site, we will have to apply a natural renewal and community planting. In case of farmland, we will have to do ecological planting using native species and constrcut a forest wetland.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.17-35
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• 2011

The purpose of this study is to offer the raw data for management and conservation of national park by systematic and objective surveying and analysing the flora distributed in the Hwarang district, Gyeongju national park. The results are as follows. The vascular plants in this site were summarized as 396 taxa: 95 families, 272 genera, 351 species, 2 subspecies, 38 varieties and 5 forma. The rare plants designated by Korea Forest Service were 5 taxa: Exochorda serratifolia S.Moore, Potentilla discolor Bunge, Prunus yedoensis Matsum, Lysimachia coreana Nakai and Inula salicina var. asiatica Kitam.. The korean endemic plants were 6 taxa: Populus tomentiglandulosa T.B.Lee, Clematis trichotoma Nakai, Lespedeza maritima Nakai, Lysimachia coreana Nakai, Forsythia koreana (Rehder) Nakai and Weigela subsessilis (Nakai) L.H.Bailey. The specific plants by floristic region were 30 taxa: Asplenium sarelii Hk., Salix chaenomeloides Kimura, Lysimachia barystachys Bunge, Achillea alpina L., Celtis aurantiaca Nakai, Vitex negundo var. incisa (Lam.) C.B.Clarke and so forth. The plants with approval for delivering oversea were 6 taxa: Clematis trichotoma Nakai, Exochorda serratifolia S.Moore, Glycine soja Siebold & Zucc., Lespedeza maritima Nakai, Lysimachia coreana Nakai and Weigela subsessilis (Nakai) L.H.Bailey. The naturalized plants were 49 taxa: Bilderdykia dumetora (L.) Holub, Descurainia pinnata Britton, Oxalis corymbosa DC., Bidens frondosa L., Panicum dichotomiflorum Michx. and so forth. The invasive alien plants were 2 taxa: Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. and Aster pilosus Willd. In future, if we will survey the flora of whole Gyeongju national park, we will offer the help to establishing the conservation plan of ecosystem in Gyeongju national park.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.31-45
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• 2005

This study was carried out to investigate the vascular plants of the construct-reserved sites of ecological forests in Deokdong-ri, Baekwoon-myeon, Jecheon-si, and Chungcheongbuk-do, Korea and the period was from March to October, 2004. The results of surveying the vascular plants were recorded as 371 taxa; 83 families, 238 genera, 324 species, 44 varieties and 3 forma. There were 4 species of rare and endangered plants as designated by Korea Forest Service; Eranthis stellata, Paeonia japonica, Viola albida and Scopolia japonica. There were 9 species of Koreanendemic plants Pseudostellaria coreana, Melandryum seoulense, Clematis trichotoma, Deutzia coreana, Spiraea prunifolia for. simpliciflora, Ajuga spectabilis, Weigela subsessilis, Cirsium setidens and Saussurea nutans. Ten species of naturalized plants were observed Panicum dichotomiflorum, Rumex crispus, Amaranthus retroflexus, Lepidium apetalum, Trifolium repens, Oenothera Jamayckiana, Erigeron annuus, Erigeron canadensis, Bidens frondosa and Taraxacum officinale. In the results of analysis by floristic region, the specific plants were summarized as 52 taxa; 30 families, 47 genera, 49 species and 3 varieties.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.188-210
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• 2002

Tonggo-san(1066.5m) is located at 36° 53' 00" - 36" 55' 00" in latitude, at 129° 10' 30" - 129° 13' 00" in longitude and on Seo-myeon, Uljin-gun and Subi-myeon, Yeongyang-gun in Gyeongsangbuk-do. Tonggo-san shows the typical vegetation patterns including the middle area of temperate region of Korea represented by the secondary forests of Quercus mongolica and Q. dentata. There was no detailed result on the flora and vegetation of Tonggo-san until now. Therefore, we tried to discuss on the distribution and availability of vascular plants including economical plants. Also, we could discuss the especialized plants and their distributions according to the criteria by the Ministry of Environment. The results of plant collection and their investigation from April in 2001 to November in 2001 are as follows : The vascular plants consist of total 565 taxa; 17 forms, 82 varieties, 466 species, 297 genera, 94 families,37 orders, 4 classes, 2 subphyla. In this area, there were a lot of useful economic plants such as 232 taxa(41%) of edible source, 222 taxa(39％) of forage source, 183 taxa(32%) of medicinal source, and 72 taxa(12%) of ornamental source, 15 taxa(2.6%) timber source, 7 taxa(1.2%) industrial raw material source respectively. Among them, the Korean endemic plants were 22 taxa(3.9％ among total 565 taxa); 1 forms, 2 varieties, 19 species, 22 genera, 16 families. And rare and endangered plants was 1 taxa; Astragatus membranaceus. Also, the naturalized plants were 19 taxa(3.4% among total 565 taxa and 10.4% among the total naturalized plants in Korea).

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.11-27
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• 2016

This study is a survey of the flora distributed in Seocheon tidal flat wetland protected area of nearby island (Daejuk-do, Tokki-deung, Muk-do) and Yubo-do Seocheon-gun Chuncheongnam-do, Korea. The numbers of vascular plants were summarized as 231 taxa including 65 families, 167 genera, 204 species, 2 subspecies, 23 varieties and 2 forms. The halophytes were 33 taxa including 15 families, 29 genera, 29 species, 3 varieties and 1 form (Chenopodium album var. stenophyllum, Cnidium japonicum, Juncus haenkei and so on). The rare plants were 4 taxa including Pseudoraphis ukishiba (VU), Belamcanda chinensis (VU), Phacelurus latifolius (LC) and Polygonum bellardii (DD). The Korean endemic plants were 2 taxa including Salix pseudolasiogyne and Forsythia koreana. In the specific plants by floristic region were 24 taxa, a degree I were 19 taxa (Rhodotypos scandens, Zanthoxylum planispinum, Cynodon dactylon and so on), 2 taxa of a degree III (Elymus mollis and Asparagus oligoclonos), 3 taxa of a degree IV (Polygonum bellardii, Wisteria floribunda and Pseudoraphis ukishiba) and degree II, V were not found. The naturalized plants were 40 taxa including Phytolacca americana, Sicyos angulatus, Lactuca scariola and so on. Naturalization rate (NR) was 17.3% of all 231 taxa of vascular plants and urbanization index (UI) was 12.5% of all 321 taxa of naturalized plants. This study was performed to used as a basic data to identify the protected from plant ecosystems of type classify into analyze the vegetation characteristic of based on flora distributed in Yubu-do and nearby islands.