• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.175-179
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• 1997

To explanin allopatric distribution of Carpinus cordata and C. laxiflora in the field the effect of soil flooding on photosynthesis and water relations was tested with field grown saplings. Under the flooding condition stomatal conductance of C. laxiflora decreased markedly from day two after flooding treatment and remanined low throughout the experiment. In contrast, flooding had no effect on stomatal conductance of C. cordata throughout the exper iment. The rate of photosynthesis of C. laxiflora was significantly suppressed under flooding conditions, whereas that of C. cordata was not affected in the flooded condition. On day seven after flooding treatment xylem pressure potential of C. laxiflora significantly decreased. Flooding, however, did not have any effect on the xylem pressure potential of C. cordata throughout the experiment. From these findings it is concluded that there is a difference in resistance to flooding between C. cordata and C. laxiflora and that one of the the factors responsible for allopatric distribution in the two species is flooding.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.58 no.2
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• pp.136-141
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• 2013

This study was conducted to investigate upland crop at reclaimed sand land 'Saemangeum' for early desalination purpose and to investigate the growth and yield of whole crop barley, which was acceded after summer crop of corn and rice. Seedling establishment of whole crop barley were 216 seedlings/$m^2$(25%) for non-flooding, 43% for 1 month and 58% for 2, 3 month flooding. And it was 60% in rice cultivation. Soil salt concentration was 0.5% in non-flooding treatment, however flooding treatments decreased to 0.2% or less. In general soil salt concentration increased until the middle stage of growing, then became to similar level as the seeding time. Plant height, stem length and number of tiller were increased with flooding treatment. Whole crop barley yield was significantly reduced in non-flooding treatment but rapidly increased by flooding treatment. Yielding at 3 months increased by 504% compared to non-flooding, and rice cultivation was also increased by 536%. Protein and fiber content was low in 1 month flooding treatment, 3 months flooding and rice cultivation showed the similar results in terms of feed value. For desalination purpose in reclaimed land, 3 months flooding treatments of rice cultivation could result in higher yielding for upland crop, such as whole crop barley.

• Journal of Crop Science and Biotechnology
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.79-85
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• 2007

Rice bran application just after transplanting has been increasingly practiced as an herbicide-substitute for organic rice production in Korea. However, this practice is frequently reported to be unsatisfactory in weed suppression. An experiment with five treatments that combines flooding depth, rice bran application dose, and herbicide treatment was done in the paddy field to evaluate whether rice bran application under deep flooding can lead to a successful weed control in compensation for the single practice of rice bran application. Rice bran was broadcasted on the flood water surface just after deep flooding of 8 to 10cm that was started at seven days after transplanting. In the shallow flooding plot without herbicide six weed species were recorded: Monochoria vaginalis, Echinochloa crus-galli, Ludvigia prostrate, Cyperus amuricus, Aneima keisak, and Bidens tripartite. Among the first four dominant weed species, deep flooding significantly suppressed the occurrence of Echinochloa crus-galli and Cyperus amuricus while did not suppress the occurrence of Monochoria vaginalis and Ludwigia prostrate. On the contrary, rice bran application under deep flooding suppressed significantly Monochoria vaginalis and Ludwigia prostrate while didn't exert an additional suppression of Echinochloa crus-galli and Cyperus amuricus compared to deep flooding alone. Rice bran application and deep flooding suppressed complimentarily all the six weed species to a satisfactory extent except for Monochoria vaginalis of which suppression efficacy was 31.9%. Deep flooding reduced the panicle number substantially by inhibiting the tiller production, increased the spikelet number per panicle slightly, and leaded to a lower rice grain yield compared to shallow flooding with herbicide. Rice bran application under deep flooding mitigated the panicle reduction due to deep flooding, increased the spikelets per panicle significantly, and thus produced even higher grain yield in the rice bran application of 2000kg $ha^{-1}$ as compared to the shallow flooding treatment with herbicide. In conclusion, this practice applying rice bran under deep flooding would be promising to be incorporated as an integral practice for an organic rice farming system.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.8-14
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• 2011

The effect of flooding and soil salinity on the growth of yam (Dioscorea batatas) were studied on the experimantal site temporally established in the south-eastern part of Saemangeum Reclaimed Tidal Land (near Gwanghwal myun, Gimjae-gun, Jellabukdo, Korea). Yam seedlings planted by using aerial bulblet as alternative of sliced tubers, were grown for 20-days and transplanted in black-vinyl mulched ridges (about 20 cm in height) at 70cm interval by $20{\times}60cm$ spacing in the $4^{th}$ of May, 2010. Soil salinity was maintained at lower than 1.2 ds $m^{-1}$ during the growing period and did not result to salt injury in all plants. However, flooding injury very seriously led to plant death and plant mortality rates at $67{\pm}21$ and $82{\pm}9%$ of yam plants in the compost and no compost treatment, respectively, died by heavy flooding during the rainy summer season. The main reasons of the flooding injury included the decreased rainfall acceptable capacity (RAC) after the rising of water table and a slowdown of water infiltration rate after the formation of an impermeable soil crust in the furrow bottom with continuous and heavy downpour during the rainy summer season. The effect of compost treatment was not statistically observed because of the severe spatial difference caused by wet injury, although yam tuber yield was higher at 30 kg $10^{-1}$ in the compost treatment than in the no-compost treatment at 20 kg $10^{-1}$. However, the size of tuber ranged at 1.23 to 1.60 cm in diameter and 3.7 to 5.0 cm in length in all both treatment, which means they are still reproducible for the next cropping season. Conclusively, proper counter-flooding measure and soil salinity control critically important for successful yam production in Saemangeum Reclaimed Tidal Land.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.1-7
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• 2009

In order to select the water flooding-tolerant trees among Korean oaks, we cultivated the sapling of 6 deciduous oak species, Quercus acutissima, Q. mongolica, Q. variabilis, Q. dentata, Q. aliena and Q. serrata, under the water flooding treatment and the control, and analysed the growth difference among them. For comparing the growth between treatment and control, we measured 13 morphological and ecological traits, such as leaf Leaf number, leaf length, leaf width, leaf area, shoot length, stem length, stem diameter, root length, plant length, leaf weight, stem weight, root weight, plant weight. Q. serrata have no growth difference between water flooding treatment and control, but the rest 5 species showed the growth reduction in water flooding treatment. Tolerance of oak species to water flooding was risen in order of Quercus acutissima, Q. mongolica, Q. variabilis, Q. dentata, Q. aliena and Q. serrata. Thus, among Korean deciduous oaks, it is desirable to plant Q. serrata for flood plain restoration of river.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.289-296
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• 2019

We investigated the mortality and the oxidative damages of Deschampsia antarctica in response to waterlogging stress. In field, we compared the changes in the density of D. antarctica tuft at the two different sites over 3 years. The soil water content at site 2 was 6-fold higher than that of site 1, and the density of D. antarctica tuft decreased significantly by 55.4% at site 2 for 3 years, but there was no significant change at site 1. Experimental results in growth chamber showed that the $H_2O_2$ and malondialdehyde content increased under root-flooding treatment (hypoxic conditions-deficiency of $O_2$), but any significant change was not perceptible under the shoot-flooding treatment (anoxic condition-absence of $O_2$). However, total chlorophyll, soluble sugar, protein content, and phenolic compound decreased under the shoot-flooding treatment. In addition, the catalase activity increased significantly on the 1st day of flooding. These results indicate that hypoxic conditions may lead to the overproduction of reactive oxygen species, and anoxic conditions can deplete primary metabolites such as sugars and protein in the leaf tissues of D. antarctica. Under present warming trend in Antarctic Peninsula, D. antarctica tuft growing near the shoreline might more frequently experience flooding due to glacier melting and inundation of seawater, which can enhance the risk of this plant mortality.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.16-24
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• 2010

Effect of flooding on the desalting efficiency and the growth of sudan grass, barnyard grass, sesbania and corn was studied in a sandy soil of the Iweon reclaimed tidal land. Flooding plots were treated by 400 (one time flooding), 800 (two times flooding), and 1,200 mm(three times flooding) of water, respectively, and then soil salinities of the treated plots were compared with salinity of the control plot (not flooded) for estimation of desalting effect. Desalting ratio of 1,200 mm treatment was 78.3% for depth 0-20 cm, 70.5% for depth 20-40 cm and 60.8% for depth 40-60 cm, and then the soil salinity reached at 3~6 dS $m^{-1}$. Consequently, it was considered that sandy saline soil was satisfactorily desalted for upland crops to be cultivated by 1,200 mm flooding, but insufficiently desalted by 400 mm and 800 mm flooding because of high salinity ranged 5~14 dS $m^{-1}$ even after flooding treatment. In addition, it was estimated that soil salinity should be controled lower than 7.7 dS $m^{-1}$ in order to obtain more than 80%of crop emergence when four crops are simultaneously cultivated by inter- or mixed cropping in a field. Dry matter yields (kg $10a^{-1}$) was 1,068 for sudan grass, 696for barnyard grass, 1,426 for sesbania, and 1,164 for corn by 1,200 mm flooding treatment, but only 46.8~74.3% by 800 mm flooding treatment and 2.9~25.5% by 400 mm flooding treatment. Therefore, it is concluded that the flooding treatment more than 1,200 mm is necessary for satisfactory desalinization in order for the low salt tolerance crops to be cultivated in the sandy reclaimed tidal land.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.47-57
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• 2001

Followings are the results of comparative study between Kyungja-pyungji treatment, and Behavior and Cognitive therapy. 1. It is recognized that Kyungja-pyungji treatment include the factors of Behavior and Cognitive therapy. 2. Kyungja-pyungji treatment has methodological similarity to Flooding of Behavior therapy. 3. Kyungja-pyungji treatment is similar to the Didactic technique of Cognitive therapy.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.209-214
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• 2001

Physiological responses of rice to the flooding time of different water turbidity (clear water, sub-muddy water, muddy water) were analyzed as photosynthesis, chlorophyll fluorescence, transpiration, and physiological recovery. Photosynthetic rate was higher as turbidity increased and decreased as flooding time was extended. Floodings of 36 hrs and 42 hrs were resulted in 25% and 50% decrease of photosynthetic rate, respectively. Transpiration rate was higher in high turbidity (increased 30%, 25%, and 20% in clear, sub-muddy, and muddy water, respectively) and in increased floodings. Fv/Fm decreased as increased turbidity and flooding time. About 20% decrease of Fv/Fm was recorded in 48 hrs and 36 hrs after flooding with clear water and sub-muddy water(including muddy water), respectively. Total nitrogen was decreased with flooding treatment. Significant decrease of total nitrogen was occurred 36 hrs after flooding with muddy water, Dry weight measured 2 weeks after flooding treatment as an indication of recovery of flooding stress didn't show significant difference with turbidity, but significantly decreased as flooding time was prolonged. About 25% and 50% decreases were found in 24 hrs and 42 hrs flooding time, respectively. furthermore, 48 hrs of flooding with sub-muddy and muddy water resulted in no physiological recovery. Photosynthetic rate was decreased 15% and 10% with clear water and muddy water(including sub-muddy water), respectively. The rate was dramatically decreased 42 hrs after flooding. Transpiration rate increased about 20% regardless of turbidity and flooding time. We found transitory decrease of photosynthetic and transpiration rate at the point of 24 hrs after flooding and right after do-flooding.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.189-194
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• 1988

To clarify the varietal differences of resistance to complete flooding, physiological characteristics in relation to flooding resistance in each growth stage of rice plants, the present study was carried out. The rate of survival after flooding at seeding stage of rice plants of the cultivar 'FR 13A' and Ind. X Jap. cultivars were 91.8% and 33.8% to 40%, respectively, while the Japonica varieties were completely dead. The tolerant varieties which has higher rate of survival showed the higher $O_2$ release, the higher catalase activity and lower peroxidase activity according to flooding treatment. Japonica type varieties showed the higher elongation of plant during flooding, lower recovery of flooding damage and the abrupt decrease of yield according to the increase of flooding periods in comparision to Ind. X Jap. crossed varieties when they were flooded at the active tillering stage. When rice plants were flooded at the booting stage, Ind. X Jap. crossed varieties had the higher photosynthesis, respiratory rate, root oxidizing power, ethylene evolution and lower yield reduction in comparision to japonica varieties.varieties.