• Journal of Venture Innovation
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.57-70
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• 2022

In modern industrial capitalism, the relationship between the provision of work and the receipt of wages has become an important principle governing society. According to the labor contract, the wages provided by entrusting the right to dispose of one's labor to the employer are directly compensated, and human life should be guaranteed and reproduced with proper rest. The establishment of labor relations under free contracts represents a problem in protecting workers, and accordingly, the maximum of working hours is set as a minimum right for workers, and the standard for minimum rest is set and assigned. The reduction of working hours is very important in terms of the quality of life of workers, but it is also an important issue in efficient corporate activities. As of 2020, Korea has 1,908 hours of annual working hours, the third lowest among OECD 37 countries in the happiness index surveyed by the Sustainable Development Solution Network(SDSN), an agency under the United Nations. Accordingly, the necessity of reducing working hours has been recognized, and the maximum working hours per week has been limited to 52 hours since 2018. In this situation, various working hours are legally excluded as a way to maintain the company's value-added creation and meet the diverse needs of workers, and Korea's Labor Standards Act restricts flexible working hours within three months, flexible working hours exceeding three months, selective working hours, and extended working hours. However, in the discussion on the application of the revised flexible working hours system in 2021 and the expansion of the settlement unit period recently discussed, there is a problem with the flexible working hours system, which needs to be improved. Therefore, this paper aims to examine the problems of the flexible working hours system and improvement measures. The flexible working hours system is a system that does not violate working hours even if the legal working hours are exceeded on a specific day or week according to a predetermined standard, and does not have to pay additional wages for excessive overtime work. It is mainly useful as a form of shift work in manufacturing, sales service, continuous business or electricity, gas, water, and transportation for long-term operations. It is also used as a way to shorten working hours, such as expanding holidays through short working days. However, if the settlement unit period is expanded, it is disadvantageous to workers as the additional wages that workers can receive will not be received. Therefore, First, in order to expand the settlement unit period currently under discussion, additional wages should be paid for the period expanded from the current standard. Second, it is necessary to improve the application of the flexible working hours system to individual workers to have sufficient consultation with individual workers in a written agreement with the worker representative, Third, clarify the allowable time for extended work during the settlement unit period, and Fourth, limit the daily working hours or apply to continuous rest. In addition, since the written agreement of the worker representative is an important issue in the application of the flexible working hours system, it is necessary to secure the representation of the worker representative.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.664-675
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• 2016

The purpose of the study was to explore the nurses' perception of flexible working and present an operational guideline for implementation. The data were collected from a survey of 532 nurses conducted from 10 February to 24 February, 2015, using simple random sampling. SPSS 21.0 was used to analyze the data. This study found that the demanding for shorter hour shifts was highest ($M=3.89{\pm}0.87$) and 242 participants (46.2%) intended to apply the shift, followed by a fixed night shift, fixed weekend shift, and 12 hour shift. The common reasons identified were the poor environment of shift work and the challenges of child care. The increased time for personal development, relaxation activity to improve the quality of life and child care was highlighted and work-life balance was noted as a positive impact of flexible working. The negative impacts of flexible working were being likely to become temporary workers. These results can help establish uniform working conditions of nurses in the future by providing a standardized operational guideline as a precondition for reasonable compensation and working environment according to a flexible working pattern.

• Journal of Family Resource Management and Policy Review
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.75-98
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• 2016

This study examines the work-life balance designing of new employees using qualitative research. Eight new employees at foreign IT companies in Korea were interviewed in two groups composed of two male workers and two female workers. The research determined two main themes and seven sub-themes related to the participants work-life balance using theme analysis. The first main theme was 'working conditions' which had sub-themes, 'performance-based system in foreign IT companies', 'flexible working conditions', 'family-friendly company culture', and 'positive evaluation of the company'. The second main theme was 'work-life balance' which included the sub-themes, 'changing priority during transitional periods of life', 'work-family balance designing as a family unit', and 'difficulties balancing between work and family'. The results revealed that workers prospected that flexible working condition might solve the demands of the child-rearing period and that work-family balance was determined as a family unit. Additionally, there were gender differences in the relationships between working conditions and work-life balance.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Industry Convergence
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• v.25 no.2_1
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• pp.161-168
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• 2022

This study proposed a new approach to impliment a robusut control of comsumer-friendly flexible manipulator with five joint for untact working in filed work-site. The output redefinition approach was used to overcome the non minimum phase characteristic of the system. The new output is defined so that the zero dynamics related to this output are stable. The control strategy is based on an computed torque method which is applicable to a class of time-invariamt phase linear systems whose uncertainties appear in output loop stable. The controller is composed of a stabilizing joint controller and an output redefinition tracking controller. Experimental results are also presented to verify the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme.

• Architectural research
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.27-33
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• 2017

Advances in information and mobile technologies have changed the traditional firm ways of working very flexible, collaborative and innovative, resulting in the changes in work place structures and layouts. Despite the growing body of literature examining the novel ways of working, which is called smart work, there is little academic attentions paid to the spatial aspects of new work places, namely smart offices and smart work centers. This research explores the spatial changes of work places that improve business efficiency and collaboration among workers suitable for the novel ways of working. Conducting in-depth field surveys on selected cases, we analyzed the changes in spatial structure and operation policies of smart offices and smart work centers. From this survey, we observed that the new work places under study take various novel spatial forms and they have flexible operating policies such as flexible seating and flexible work hours. We also found that it would be difficult to change existing business practices and typical ways of performing tasks, without changing the bureaucratic spatial designs and layouts. Future studies are suggested to examine how spatial structures and layouts of offices have impacts on space utilization, collaboration, creativity, and job satisfaction.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.11-22
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• 1994

The present works are the theoretical results of the study to develope a damping flexible coupling which has a high performance of control for the torsional vibrations of power shafts in a large machinery. It is established the analysis scheme of the multiple-leaf spring, to obtain the static coefficient of stiffness of the coupling. Also, the dynamic coefficient of stiffness and the damping coefficient of the coupling are indentified through the flow analysis for a induced flow of working fluid by the deflection of multiple-leaf springs. This paper dealt with damping contributions by the friction between each plate of the multiple-leaf spring. In this paper, it is found that the dynamic characteristics of the damping flexible coupling are strongly dependent on the stiffness and the number of the multiple-leaf spring, and also vary with the viscosity of working fluid and the vibration speed of the inner star.

• Journal of Venture Innovation
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.97-108
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• 2021

Labor contracts appear in form as an exchange relationship between labor products and wages, but since they transcend the level of simple barter, they can be economically identified as "trading" and can be identified as "rental." From a legal point of view, a legal device that legally supports and imposes binding force on commodity exchange relations is a contract. Such a labor contract led to a relationship in which wages were received and a certain amount of time was placed under the direction and supervision of the employer as a counter benefit to the receipt of wages. Since working hours are subordinate hours with one's labor under the disposition authority of the employer, long hours of work can be done for the health and safety of workers and furthermore, it can be an act that violates the value to enjoy as a human being. The reduction of working hours needs to be shortened in terms of productivity and enjoyment of workers' culture so that they can expand and reproduce, but users' corporate management labor and production activities should also be compatible compared to those pursued by capitalist countries. Working hours can be seen as individual time and time in society as a whole, and long hours of work at the individual level are reduced, which is undesirable at the individual level, but an increase in products due to an increase in production time at the social level can help social development. It is necessary to consider working hours in terms of finding the balance between these individual and social levels. If the regulation method of working hours was to regulate the total amount of working hours, flexibility and elasticity of working hours are a qualitative regulation method that allows companies to flexibly allocate and organize working hours within a certain range of up to 52 hours per week. Accordingly, it is necessary to shorten working hours, but expand and implement the flexible working hours system according to the situation of the company. To this end, it is necessary to flexibly operate the flexible working hours system, which is currently limited to six months, handle the selective working hours by agreement between employers and workers, and expand the target work of discretionary working hours according to the development of information and communication technology and new types based on the 4th industrial revolution.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
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• v.19 no.12
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• pp.1134-1139
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• 2006

Electrical, optical, and structural properties of indium zinc oxide (IZO) anode films grown by a RF magnetron sputtering were investigated as functions of RF power and working pressure in pure Ar ambient. To investigate electrical, optical and structural properties of IZO anode films, 4-point probe and UV/VIS spectrometry, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were performed, respectively. A sheet resistance of $15.2{\Omega}/{\square}$, average transmittance above 80 % in visible range, expecially above 85 % in 550 nm, and root mean square roughness of 1.13 nm were obtained from optimized IZO anode films grown in oxygen free ambient. All samples show amorphous structure regardless of RF power and working pressure due to low substrate temperature. In addition, XPS depth profile obtained from IZO/PES exhibits that there is no obvious evidence of interfacial reaction between IZO and PES substrate. Furthermore, current-voltage-luminance of the flexible phosphorescent flexible OLEDs fabricated on IZO anode shows dependence on sheet resistance of the IZO anode. These results indicate that the IZO anode is a promising candidate to substitute conventional ITO anode for high-quality flexible displays.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.20 no.12
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• pp.3883-3891
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• 1996

Performance and productivity of robot manipulator can be improved by increasing its working speed and extending its link length. But heavy weght of the commercial robot links, considered as "rigid body", limits its mazimum working speed and the weght of the links can be reduced for high speed operation. But this light-weight link or long link for special use cannot be consideredas "rigid" structure and vibration of the link due to its flexibility causes errors in end-effector position and orientation. Thus the elastic behaviro of the flexible link should be taken care of for increasing work speed and getting smaller error of end-effector position. In this paper, the fuzzy control theory is selected to design the controller which controlos the joint positions of the robot manipulator and suppress the vibration of flexible link. In the forst place, for the 1 DOF flexible link system, the fuzzy control theory is implemented. The contdroller for the 1 DOF flexible link system is designed. Experimental research is carried out to examine the controllability and the validity of the fuzzy control theory based controller. Next, using the extended desing schemes for the case of the 1 DOF flexible link system and usign the experimental phenomena of the 3 DOF flexible link system, the fuzzy controller for the 3 DOF flexible link system is desinged and experimented.ed and experimented.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.40 no.10
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• pp.2068-2079
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• 2015

Recently, interesting in flexible working has been increased, and some central government and large companies are conducting flexible working. With the conducting of flexible working, workers are able to get a convenience but the cost of managing is increased. In this paper, we suggest a method of reducing the cost and managing efficiently. Our study determines the position of the workers using indoor localization techniques through the Wi-Fi fingerprint and smartphone, and records the office hours. The previous time and attendance systems have to install attendance recording device(e.g. Fingerprint Attendance System, RFID Card Attendance System) and are needed to manipulate manually. Our system doesn't need to install extra devices, and also doesn't need to manipulate manually. Our system automatically records the office hours. Also most of previous time and attendance systems have another weakness. They only record data when workers start and stop work. But our system exactly records office hours for each workplaces. In this paper, We introduce an effective time and attendance system in variety flexible working. Our experiments shows that our system workers' detected office hours accurately. The accuracy of our time and attendance system was 98.7%.