• 한국안전학회지
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.22-31
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• 2019

The flammable liquid conductivity is an important factor in determining the generation of electrostatic in fire and explosion hazardous areas, so it is necessary to study the physical properties of flammable liquids. In particular, the relevant liquid conductivity in the process of handling flammable liquids in relation to the risk assessment and risk control in fire and explosion hazard areas, such as chemical plants, is classified as a main evaluation item according to the IEC standard, and it is necessary to have flammable liquid conductivity measuring devices and related data are required depending on the handling conditions of the material, such as temperature and mixing ratio for preventing the fire and explosion related to electrostatic. In addition, IEC 60079-32-2 [Explosive Atmospheres-Part 32-2 (Electrostatic hazards-Tests)] refers to the measuring device standard and the conductivity of a single substance. It was concluded that there is no measurement data according to the handling conditions such as mixing ratio of flammable liquid and temperature together with the use and measurement examples. We have developed the measurement reliability by improving the structure, material and measurement method of measuring device by referring to the IEC standard. We have developed a measurement device that is developed and manufactured by itself. The test results of flammable liquid conductivity measurement and the data of the NFPA 77 (Recommended Practice on Static Electricity) Annex B Table B.2 Static Electric Characteristic of Liquids were compared and verified by conducting the conductivity measurement of the flammable liquid handled in the fire and explosion hazardous place by using Measuring / Data Acquisition / Processing / PC Communication. It will contribute to the prevention of static electricity related disaster by taking preliminary measures for fire and explosion prevention by providing technical guidance for static electricity risk assessment and risk control through flammable liquid conductivity measurement experiment. In addition, based on the experimental results, it is possible to create a big data base by constructing electrostatic physical characteristic data of flammable liquids by process and material. Also, it is analyzed that it will contribute to the foundation composition for adding the specific information of conductivity of flammable liquid to the physical and chemical characteristics of MSDS.

• 한국안전학회지
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.103-108
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• 2001

Explosive limit is one of the major physical properties used to determine the fire and explosion hazards of the flammable substances. Explosive limits are used to classify flammable liquids according to their relative flammability. Such a classification is important for the safe handling of flammable liquids which constitute the solvent mixtures. Explosive limits of all compounds and solvent mixtures can be calculated with the appropriate use of the fundamental laws of Raoult, Dalton, Le Chatelier and activity coefficient models. In this paper, Raoult,s law and van Laar equation(activity coefficient model) are shown to be applicable for the prediction of the explosive limits in the flammable ethylacetate-toluene system. The values calculated by the proposed equations were a good agreement with literature data within a given percent. From a given results, by the use of the proposed equations, it is possible to predict explosive limits of the other flammable mixtures. It is hoped eventually that this method will permit the estimation of the explosive Properties of flammable mixtures with improved accuracy and the broader application for other flammable stances.

• 한국안전학회지
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.53-59
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• 1992

A general theory is developed which enables closed-cup flash points of mixtures of flammable and non-flammable liquid to be estimated from a knowledge of a certain properties of flammability diagram by thermodynamic method. The estimated equations is shown the effect of both the flame inhibiting properties of the vapor of the non-flammable component and the relative volatility of that component. The vapor phase flame inhibition effect results in a even greater elevation of flash points than the rotative volatility of that component. Especially in cases of similar vapor phase flame inhibition of the non-flammable component, the rotative volatility is affected greater elevation of flash points(extinguishing effect).

• 한국안전학회지
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.21-29
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• 2018

In many companies handling flammable liquids, explosion-proof electrical equipment have been installed according to the Korean Industrial Standards (KS C IEC 60079-10-1). In these standards, hazardous area for explosive gas atmospheres has to be classified by the evaluation of the evaporation rate of flammable liquid leakage. The evaporation rate is an important factor to determine the zones classification and hazardous area distance. However, there is no systematic method or rule for the estimation of evaporation rate in these standards and the first principle equations of a evaporation rate are very difficult. Thus, it is really hard for industrial workplaces to employ these equations. Thus, this problem can trigger inaccurate results for evaluating evaporation range. In this study, empirical models for estimating an evaporation rate of flammable liquid have been developed to tackle this problem. Throughout the sensitivity analysis of the first principle equations, it can be found that main factors for the evaporation rate are wind speed and temperature and empirical models have to be nonlinear. Polynomial regression is employed to build empirical models. Methanol, benzene, para-xylene and toluene are selected as case studies to verify the accuracy of empirical models.

• 한국화재소방학회논문지
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• 제28권5호
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• pp.64-70
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• 2014

신경망은 연기입자의 광학적 특징으로부터 화원을 분석할 수 있는 유용한 도구가 될 수 있다. UL268에서 연기감지기 시험에 사용되는 세 가지 화원(종이화원, 목재화원, 인화성 액체화원)들의 광학적 특징으로 신경망을 훈련시켰다. 또한, 소광과 산란을 동시에 측정할 수 있는 연기챔버를 제작하여 연기의 광학적 특징을 얻고 그 결과를 신경망에 입력하였다. 종이화원, 목재화원, 인화성 액체화원을 대상으로 한 실험에서 신경망은 화원을 정확하게 구별하였다. 또한, 종이-목재화원, 종이-인화성 액체화원, 목재-인화성 액체화원과 같은 복합화원을 대상으로 한 실험에서도 화원을 모두 구별하였다.

• 설비공학논문집
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• 제5권3호
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• pp.217-225
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• 1993

Nonflammable mixtures of flammable and nonflammable refrigerants are possible as substitute refrigerants for use in domestic heat pumps and refrigerators. Refrigerant leakage from such a system is of paramount concern since it is possible that the resulting mixture composition remaining in system will reside in the flammable range. This paper presents a simulation of a leakage process of refrigerant mixtures. Idealized cases of isothermal leakage process are considered in this study representing a slow leak. Simulation is performed for selected composition of binary and ternary refrigerant mixture; R-32/134a and R-32/125/134a. Mixture compositions with respect to percentage leak of original charge are presented. In isothermal leakage process, both vapor and liquid compositions of more volatile refrigerant decrease during vapor and liquid leak, but the total composition of this component decreases during vapor leak and increases during liquid leak. Vapor and liquid compositions are determined depending on the vapor-liquid equilibrium relation of the refrigerant mixture. The refrigerant mixture left in the system can go to a nonflammable direction relying on which component in the mixture is flammable.

• 한국화재소방학회논문지
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.14-20
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• 2014

본 연구는 인화성 액체를 특정 용기에 담유하고 구획된 공간에서 연소 실험을 실시하여 연소 패턴을 분석하는 데 있다. 담유 실험에 사용된 용기는 깊이 20 mm, 넓이 150 mm의 플라스틱이다. 화염이 착화되어 연소되는 과정은 디지털카메라(digital camera) 및 비디오카메라(video camera)를 이용하여 확보하였다. 화염이 최성기에 도달하는 속도는 벤젠이 가장 빠르고 약 60 s이다. 반면 가장 늦게 것은 알코올이었으며 약 360.0 s로 6배 정도 차이가 있었다. 화염이 최성기에 도달하였을 때 플라스틱 용기와 인화성 액체가 동시에 연소됨에 따라 연기는 대부분 검정색이었다. 연소가 완료된 후유증 검지관(crime investigation tube)을 이용하여 유증을 조사한 결과 대두유를 제외한 모든 인화성 물질에서 유증 채취가 가능했다. 즉, 연소 물질의 종류에 따라 화재의 확산 속도 및 패턴 등에 큰 차이가 있다는 것을 알 수 있었다.

• 분석과학
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• 제35권6호
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• pp.237-241
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• 2022

유리 표면에 부착된 지문을 인화성액체(휘발유, 등유, 경유 혹은 신너)로 오염시킨 후 hexane 혹은 heptane으로 세척하였을 때의 세척 효과를 연구하였다. 이 때 지문은 cyanoacrylate fuming 후 basic yellow 40으로 염색하는 방법으로 가시화하였다. 한 지문을 4등분하여 세척 효과를 비교한 결과 지문 성분이 인화성액체에 용해되어서 융선이 훼손된다는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 이렇게 인화성액체로 오염된 지문을 hexane이나 heptane으로 세척한 결과 휘발유, 등유 및 신너로 오염되었던 지문은 오염 당시에 융선이 훼손되어서 세척 효과가 나타나지 않았고, 경유로 오염되었던 지문에서만 세척 효과가 나타나 융선의 품질이 향상되었다. 오히려 세척용액으로 사용한 hexane과 heptane은 융선을 훼손시키기 때문에 휘발유, 등유 및 신너로 오염된 지문은 세척과정을 생략하고 바로 증강하는 것이 오히려 낫다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 또한 경유로 오염된 지문을 세척할 때에는 세척용매의 양과 접촉 시간을 최소로 해야 한다는 것을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국화재소방학회논문지
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• 제32권5호
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• pp.15-21
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• 2018

본 연구에서는 인화성 액체가 비닐바닥에 뿌려져 화재가 발생되었을 때의 성장 특성 및 탄화 패턴 등을 해석하는데 있다. 아세톤은 화염이 착화되고 약 0.2 s 경과되었을 때 화염이 최성기에 도달하였다. 화염은 난류 패턴이며, 연기의 색상은 흰색이었다. 연소가 진행되는 하단은 층류 패턴이 확인되었고, 상단 부분은 난류 패턴이다. 연소 완료된 바닥은 희미한 포어 패턴을 나타냈다. 벤젠은 착화 후 약 0.6 s 경과하였을 때 강렬한 화염이 생성되었고, 길이는 약 50 mm로 측정되었다. 화염이 쇠퇴기로 접어들었을 때 불완전 연소에 의한 다량의 검은색 연기가 발생하였다. 연소가 완료된 바닥면의 탄화 패턴은 포어 패턴 및 스플래시 패턴 등이 확인되었다. 알코올은 착화되어 약 1.1 s 경과하였을 때 강렬한 화염이 형성되었다. 또한 인화성 액체가 고인 곳은 탄화 심도가 크게 형성되었고, 인화성 액체가 흘러간 곳의 경계면에서 탄화의 흔적이 확인되었다.

• 한국안전학회지
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.60-68
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• 2004

Consequence analysis of flammable materials that affect to a risk of facilities was studied at the risk based inspection using API-581. We found that consequence areas (damage area of equipment and fatality area) by release accident of flammable materials showed high value for the case of liquid phase and auto-ignition likely, and that consequence areas of flammable gases decreased as temperature increased and the pipe diameter and pressure decreased at continuous release.