• Polymer(Korea)
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.200-208
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• 2002

Two-component polyurethane flame-retardant coatings were prepared by blending trichloro lactone modified polyesters (TAPTS) and isocyanate, Desmodur IL. Polycondensation reaction of trichlorobenzoic acid (TBA) as a flame-retardant component, and adipic acid with trimethylolpropane, polycaprolactone 0201, and 1,4-butanediol gave the corresponding TAPTs. The content of TBA was adjusted from 10 to 30 wt% in our experiment. It was found that various properties of these new flame-retardant coatings were comparable to other non-flame-retardant coatings. We also carried out three different tests for the measurement of flammability of flame -retardant coatings. The results of vertical burning test for the coatings containing more than 20 wt% of TBA were determined as 'no burn'. The results of flammability test for the coatings with 20 and 30 wt% of TBA contents indicated the limiting oxygen index (LOI) values of 25% and 27% respectively, which implied relatively good flame retardancy. They also showed the char length of 3.6-5.2 cm according to $45^{\circ}$ Meckel burner test, which can be classified as the first grade flame-retardant coatings.

• Elastomers and Composites
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.224-233
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• 2002

This study has investigated the flame retardant properties of EPDM rubber with the addition of various flame retardants. Carbon black, stearic acid, zinc oxide cross-linking agent were mixed with EPDM rubber to produce the base rubber E0 without the addition of flame retardants. Phosphorus flame retardant Tricrecyl phosphate(TCP) was added to E0 in 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2 phr to make E1~E4 samples and red phosphorus was added in 3, 6, 9, 12 phr to make E5~E8 samples. A flame retardant of the bromine family Decabromodiphenyloxide(DBDPO), and a chlorinated paraffin retardant of the chlorine family was added to E0 in 3, 6, 9, 12 phr to make E9~E12 and E13~E16 samples, repectively. Basic physical properties such as tensile strength, tear strength and hardness were measured for all the rubber samples with various flame retardant additions. There was no substantial differences. On the other hand, Oxygen index and UL94 were measured to study flame retardant properties. From oxygen index measurements E0 sample showed a value of 23.5%, indicating the improvement of flame retardant properties. Also from UL94 measurements, it was found that addition of red phosphorus resulted in maximum flame retardant effect. It was found that increasing the amount of addition resulted in decreasing combustion rate and improving flame retardant effect regardless of the kind of flame retardant.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.35 no.11
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• pp.3249-3253
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• 2014

A novel triazole-functionalized phenolic resin was developed, and its thermal and flame-retardant properties were investigated. The triazole group was incorporated as a pendant unit on the phenolic resin via copper-mediated click chemistry between propargylated phenolic resin and benzyl azide. The newly-developed triazole-functionalized phenolic resin showed higher thermal stability and char yield, together with a reduced total heat release (THR), than the non-functionalized bare phenolic resin, indicating enhanced flame retardancy for the triazole-functionalized phenolic resin.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.155-163
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• 2009

This study examined the thermal stability of PLA-WF bio-composites. Wood flour (WF)-filled PLA bio-composites were reinforced with the flame retardants, Melamine pyrophosphate (MPP), resorcinol bis (diphenyl phosphate) (RDP) and zinc borate (ZB). The flame retardant was compounded with PLA and natural biodegradable filler. The thermal properties of the biodegradable polymer and bio-composites reinforced with the flame retardant were measured and analyzed by DSC, DMA and TGA. The results showed that the flame retardant-reinforced biodegradable bio-composite exhibited improved thermal properties.

• Elastomers and Composites
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.279-285
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• 2015

This study examined the mechanical properties and the flame retardant properties of CR rubber containing inorganic flame retardant with various contents of aluminium trihydroxide (ATH, $Al(OH)_3$). The content of aluminium trihydroxide was added in 0, 30, 50, 70 and 100 phr for T1~T5 samples. It was found that increasing the amount of addition over 30 phr resulted in decreasing the mechanical properties. On the other hand in oxygen index measurements T1 sample showed a value of 38.6%, indicating the improvement of flame retardant properties showed a value of 49.7~64.2%. In case of burn test, it was confirmed that CR rubber containing over ATH 50phr content showed performance corresponding to that of first grade fire-resistance.

• Elastomers and Composites
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• v.52 no.1
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• pp.27-34
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• 2017

In this experiment, blends of ethylene vinyl acetate rubber (EVM) with a vinyl acetate (VA) content greater than 40 wt% and ethylene propylene rubber (EPM) were prepared by mechanical mixing; a number of parameters of the blends, including oil resistance, morphological and dynamic mechanical properties and flame retardancy, were subsequently measured. In the $100^{\circ}C$ oil resistance test, both the ammonium polyphosphate/dipentaerythritol/expandable graphite (APP/DPER/EG) and aluminum hydroxide (ATH) flame retardant systems showed an increase in volume change with increasing EPM content. For the ATH system, the dispersion shape was coarse and aggregation was observed. The results of a dynamic mechanical test showed slightly higher E' and E'' for the APP/DPER/EG flame retardant system when compared to the single ATH system. For both the APP/DPER/EG and ATH systems, the limited oxygen index (LOI) tests performed at increasing content of EPM showed a LOI value higher than 30, indicating excellent flame resistance.

• Polymer(Korea)
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.193-199
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• 2002

The dichloro-polyester polyol (DCBAO) which was synthesized in our earlier work was cured at room temperature with two different type of curing agents including Desmodur N-3300 and Desmodur L-75 to get a polyurethane flame-retardant coatings (DCBAO/N-3300=DEBAN and DCBAO/L-75=DCBAL). We could not observe any deterioration of physical properties of the flame-retardant PU coatings (UCBAN and DCBAL) in comparison with the conventional PU coatings. Thermal resistance of DCBAL-type flame-retardant coatings, which was measured by yellowness index difference, was inferior to that of DCBAL-type PU coatings. We believe that this phenomena is attributed to the poor thermal resistance of Desmodur L-75 isocyanate. It was observed that the LOI values were 25∼26% for the PU coatings containing 20∼30 wt% of 2,4-dichlorobenzoic acid.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.270-280
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• 2005

To maximize a synergy effect in flame-retardancy of flame-retardant coatings, phosphorus and chlorine were introduced in polymer chains. Two-components PU flame-retardant modified polyesters (ABTTC-10C, -20C, -30C) were prepared by curing, at room temperature, of isocyanate (allophanate-trimer) and prepared modified polyesters which contain phosphorus and chlorine. To examine the film properties of the prepared flame-retardant coatings, film specimens were prepared with the prepared coatings. The film properties of ABTTC, ABTTC-10C and ABTTC-20C, which contain 0, 10 and 20wt%, 2,4-dichlorobenzoic acid (2,4-DCBA), respectively, were proved to be good, whereas the film properties of ABTTC-30C, which contains 30wt% 2,4-DCBA, were proved to be a little bit poor. Two kinds of flame retardancy tests, $45^{\circ}$Meckel burner method and LOI method, were performed. With the $45^{\circ}$Meckel burner method, three flame-retardant coatings except ABTTC showed less than 3.4 cm of char length, and showed less than 2 seconds of afterflaming and afterglow. From this result, the prepared flame-retardant coatings were proved to have the 1st grade flame retardancy. With the LOI method, the LOI values of the coatings containing more than 10wt% 2,4-DCBA were higher than 30wt%, which means that the coatings possess good flame-retardancy. From these results, it was found that synergistic effect in flame-retardancy was taken place by the introduced phosphorus and chlorine.

• Polymer Science and Technology
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.118-127
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• 1995

• Polymer(Korea)
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.437-441
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• 2013

A novel sulfonate flame retardant, 1,3,5,7-tetrakis(phenyl-4-sodium sulfonate)adamantane (FR-A), was successfully synthesized from 1-bromoadamantane in sequential four-step reactions involving Fiedel-Crafts phenylation, sulphonation, hydrolysis, and neutralization. The success of synthesis was confirmed by FTIR spectra, $^1H$ NMR spectra, elemental analyses and mass spectra. The effect of FR-A on the flame retardacy of polycarbonate (PC) has been studied. Limiting oxygen index (LOI) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) showed that this novel sulfonate flame retardant had effective flame retardancy on polycarbonate (PC). With a small amount (0.08 wt%) of FR-A, the flame retardancy of PC was improved obviously, which got to UL 94 V-0 rating. TGA and DTA curves demonstrated that the additive raised the degradation rate of PC by promoting the quick formation of an insulating carbon layer on the surface, and confirmed that the flame retardant mechanism of PC/FR-A system was similar to potassium diphenylsulfone sulfonate (KSS).