• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.20 no.4 s.64
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• pp.110-115
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• 2006

Polyurethane(PU) was mixtured by the treatment with flame retardants such as Tri(chloroisopropyl) phosphate(TCPP), Triethyl phosphate(TEP) and Trimethyl phosphate(TMP) at about $90^{\circ}C$. Rigid polyurethane foam was produced using the mixured products as flame retardants. The mechanical property and flammability of rigid polyurethane was investigated. The mixtured polyurethane shows reduced flammability over virgin polyurethane. Mechanical strength of mixtured polyurethane also shows as high as that of virgin polyurethane. In order to evaluate flame retardant properties of the mixtured polyurethane foams, heat release rate(HRR) of the foam was measured by cone calorimeter. Scanning electron micrograph of mixtured PU shows uniform cell morphology as virgin PU.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.73-84
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• 2018

Recently, the importance of flame retardation treatment technology has been emphasized due to the increase in urban fire accidents and fire damage incidents caused by building exterior materials. Particularly, in the utilization of wood-based building materials, the flame retarding treatment technology is more importantly evaluated. An Intumescent system is one of the non-halogen flame retardant treatment technologies and is a system that realizes flame retardancy through foaming and carbonization layer formation. To apply the Intumescent system, composite material was prepared by using Ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) as a matrix. To enhance the flame retardant properties of the Intumescent system, a nano-clay was applied together. Composite materials with Intumescent system and nano - clay technology were processed into sheet - like test specimens, and then a new structure of cross laminated timber with improved flame retardant properties was fabricated. In the evaluation of combustion characteristics of composite materials using Intumescent system, it was confirmed that the maximum heat emission was reduced efficiently. Depending on the structure attached to the surface, the CLT had two stages of combustion. Also, it was confirmed that the maximum calorific value decreased significantly during the deep burning process. These characteristics are expected to have a delayed combustion diffusion effect in the combustion process of CLT. In order to improve the performance, the flame retardation treatment technique for the surface veneer and the optimization technique of the application of the composite material are required. It is expected that it will be possible to develop a CLT structure with improved fire characteristics.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.56-67
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• 1987

Plywoods used for construction as a decorative interior material are inflammable and can make fire accidents, causing destruction of human life and property. Therefore, it is indeed required to make fire-retardant treated plywood. In this study, 3.7mm yellow meranti plywoods were soaked in 18% boric acid solutions and tap water by hot-cold bath for 1/2, 2/2, 4/2, 6/2 hours and redrying of treated plywoods was carried out by press drying at the platen temperature of 110, 130, 160, $180^{\circ}C$ and then it was conducted to investigate solution absorption, drying rates, dynamic young's modulus. specific gravity and fire-retardant factors such as burning point, flame spread length. flame exhausted time, back side carbonized area and weight loss by treating time, treating solutions and platen temperature. The results are as follows; 1. When plywood was impregnated with the hot bath temperature of $70^{\circ}C$ for 1. 2, 4, 6 hours and the cold bath temperature of $15^{\circ}C$ for 2 hours respectively, retentions of boric acid were 1.565, l.597, 1.643, 1.709kg/$(30cm)^3$ and all of them exceeded the minimum retention [1.125kg/$(30cm)^3$] even in the shortest treatment. 2. In hot-cold bath method for 1/2 hours, the drying rates of treated plywood remarkably increased with the extension of platen temperature of 110, 130, 160, $180^{\circ}C$ and the values of boric acid treated plywood were 5.900, 10.196, 45.42, 54.958m.c%/min and the values of water treated plywood were 6.014, 12.373, 46.520, 55.730m.c%/min and drying rates of water treated plywood were faster than those of boric acid treated plywood. 3. The values of boric acid treated plywoods in dynamic young's modulus were widely higher than those of water treated plywoods. And it can be observed that there were highly significant differences for treating time between dynamic young's modulus, and the values of boric acid plywoods increased with the extension of treating time but on the contrary water treated plywoods were decreased values with prolonged time 4. It was observed that there were highly significant differences for platen temperature between dynamic young's modulus. When the values of water treated plywoods in dyna nic young's modulus were abruptly decreased according to the rise of platen temperature. boric acid treated plywoods showed rather increased values at $160^{\circ}C$ of platen temperature. And in 2- way interactions, there were also highly significant for dynamic young's modulus between treating time x treating solutions and platen temperature x treating solutions. 5. Correlation coefficients of fire-retardant factors were shown in table 5. It could be recognized that there were close correlations between the treating solutions and burning point, flame spread length, back side carbonized area, flame exhausted time and weight loss, but there was no correlation between fire-retardant factors and treating time and platen temperature. 6. From table 6, it can be observed that there were highly significant differences for burning point, flame spread length, flame exhausted time, back side carbonized area, weight loss between treating solutions. And in 2-way interactions, there were highly significant for burning point, flame spread length, weight loss between treating time $\times$ treating solutions.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.399-406
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• 2010

This study was performed to test the flame retardancy of zelkova sarrata-based materials by the treatment of ammonium salts. Zelkova sarrata plate was soaked by the treatment with three 20 wt% ammonium salt solutions consisting ammonium chloride (AMSL), monoammonium phosphate (MAPP), and diammonium phosphate (DAPP), respectively, at the room temperature. After the drying specimen treated with chemicals, combustion properties were examined by the cone calorimeter (ISO 5660-1). When the ammonium salts were used as the retardant for zelkova sarrata, the flame retardancy improved due to the treated ammonium salts in the virgin zelkova sarrata. However the specimen shows increasing CO over virgin zelkova sarrata and It is supposed that toxicities depend on extents. Also, the specimen with ammonium salts showed the higher total smoke release (TSR) than that of virgin plate. Of specimens treated with ammonium salts the ammonium chloride handled the test side was considered a improved inhibitory effect of combustion.

• Composites Research
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.342-348
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• 2019

Development of flame retarding polymer based materials has been studied actively due to the increase in use of polymers. The post treatment of manufactured fibers or the introduction of flame retardant into fibers is representative method for the way to improve the flame retardancy. Among the polymers, polyacrylonitrile (PAN), which is a precursor of carbon fiber, has been widely used for clothes. Due to low flame retardancy of PAN fiber (LOI value: 17~18%), the improvement of flame retardancy of PAN fiber is needed. In this review paper, we report preparation methods for the fabrication of post-treated (oxidization or chemical reaction) flame-retarding PAN fibers and composites composed of PAN and organic/inorganic materials (SiO₂, 2D materials or CNT).

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.12-19
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• 2017

The present paper is a study on the performance characteristics of organic-inorganic hybrid flame retardants. MDF plywood has been used, that are being used for the interior decoration of building structures, to make the samples for experiment according to the existing or non-existing treatment of organic-inorganic hybrid flame resistants. Later, the experiment on the measurement of flame retardant performance using a $45^{\circ}$ flammability tester and the experiment on the measurement of combustion characteristic using a cone calorimeter have been proceeded to confirm the performance characteristic of organic-inorganic hybrid flame retardants. From the result of experiments, it has been confirmed that both organic-inorganic hybrid flame retardants have merits of inorganic and organic substances, and that heat resistance, durability and adhesiveness have been largely improved. The performance on the flame retardant has also appeared with excellent effect such as the reduced generation of combustion gas and the decreased generation of smoke.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Dyers and Finishers Conference
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• 2011.11a
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• pp.17-17
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• 2011

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.1-9
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• 1997

This paper was carried out to introduce flame retardant and antibiotic properties to polyester(PET) and polyester/cotton(P/C) blend fabrics. PET and P/C blend fabrics were treated by a paddry-cure method in the aqueous solutions of the finishing agents(JA 6034, JA 6050, DC-5700). The corona discharge technique was applied to increase the polar group of the polymer surface. The characteristics of the treated fabric were investigated by means of scanning electron microscope (SEM) and electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis(ESCA), and water penetration time, limiting Oxygen index(LOI), and K/S value were also measured. Wettability of the fabrics was increased considerably with the corona discharge treatment. ESCA was used to elucidate the surface chemical composition of the fabrics treated with the corona discharge. Relative Ols intensity increased and oxygen was incorporated in the form of -C-O-, -C=O, and O=C-O on the polymer surface. The current study indicated that corona discharge treatment was effective for modifying the polymer surface.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.46-54
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to examines the burning rate of fire retardant treated wood in the cone heater with a one-dimensional integral model. The wood samples used in this study were four species. The species of woods are Redwood, White oak, Douglas fir and Maple. Each sample was nominally 50mm thick and 100mm square. Samples were exposed to a range of incident heat fluxes 10 to $35kW/m^2$ using the cone heater. A one-dimension integral model has been used to predict burning rate, heat of gasification, flame heat fluxes, charring rate and char depth of samples. As a result measurement of mass loss rate, softwoods(Redwood and Douglas fir) has relatively low value than those for hardwoods(White oak and Maple). Average charring rate of woods in case of fire retardant treatment showed reduction effect of 41.29%, 50.00%, 48.18% and 60.82% for Redwood, Douglas fir, White fir and Maple, respectively. Almost all the predictions from integral model showed faster charring than those measured. Average difference between predictions and experimental data was 16%, 9.5% and 11.8% for N, F1 and F2 respectively. Water-soluble fire retardant used in this study find out more effect in hardwood than softwood from the result of measurement of mass loss rate and average charring rate.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Building Construction Conference
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• 2011.11a
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• pp.27-28
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• 2011

This research aims to secure fundamental data for the development offire-retardant wood by soaking dried wood in fire-retardant liquid. To dry wood, optimal drying conditions for softwood usually used as structural material and hardwood usually used as finishing or furniture material were derived by varying the microwave outputs and heating times of microwave wood drying equipment. The research foundthat each specimen needs 8 to 15 minutes of heating time depending on water content and output. For softwood, fire-retardant liquid equivalent to about 10 percent of the total mass of the specimen infiltrated into the dried wood, of which the water content was reduced to 5~6 percent.