• Title/Summary/Keyword: Flame length

Search Result 327, Processing Time 0.035 seconds

Combustive Properties of Medium Density Fibreboards (MDF) Treated with Bis-(Dimethylaminomethyl) Phosphinic Acid and Alkylenediaminoalkyl-Bis-Phosphonic Acids (비스-디메틸아미노메틸 포스핀산과 알킬렌디아미노알킬-비스-포스폰산 유도체에 의해 처리된 중밀도 섬유판의 연소특성)

  • Park, Myung-Ho;Chung, Yeong-Jin
    • Fire Science and Engineering
    • /
    • v.28 no.5
    • /
    • pp.71-79
    • /
    • 2014
  • This study was performed to test the combustive properties of Medium Density Fibreboards (MDFs) treated with chemicals of the bis-(dimethylaminomethyl) phosphinic acid (DMDAP), N,N-dimethylethylenediaminomethyl-bis-phosphonic acid (DMDEDAP), piperazinomethyl-bis-phosphonic acid (PIPEABP), and methylpiperazinomethyl-bis-phosphonic acid (MPIPEABP). MDFs were painted in three times with 15 wt% solution of the bis-(dimethylaminomethyl) phosphinic acid and alkylenediaminoalkyl-bis-phosphonic acids at the room temperature, respectively. After drying MDF treated with chemicals, combustive properties and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) contents were examined by the cone calorimeter (ISO 5660-1), test for flame retardant (NEMA Notice No. 2012034), and gas chromatography (KS M ISO 11890-2), respectively. It was indicated that the MDFs treated with chemicals showed the longer time to combustion time (CT) = (442~492) s than that of virgin plate by reducing the burning rate except for CT treated with DMDAP. In adition, the MDFs treated with chemicals showed both of the higher char area (44.33~61.33) kg/kg and char length (10.33~11.67) cm than those of virgin plate. Especially, the MDFs treated with chemicals showed the higher mean volatile organic compounds (VOCs) (0.188~0.333) g/L than that of virgin plate within the prescribed limits. Thus, It is supposed that the combustion- retardation properties were improved by the partial due to the treated chemicals in the virgin MDF.

Surrogate Models and Genetic Algorithm Application to Approximate Optimization of Discrete Design for A60 Class Deck Penetration Piece (A60 급 갑판 관통 관의 이산설계 근사최적화를 위한 대리모델과 유전자 알고리즘 응용)

  • Park, Woo Chang;Song, Chang Yong
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
    • /
    • v.27 no.2
    • /
    • pp.377-386
    • /
    • 2021
  • The A60 class deck penetration piece is a fire-resistant system installed on a horizontal compartment to prevent flame spreading and protect lives in fire accidents in ships and offshore plants. This study deals with approximate optimization using discrete variables for the fire resistance design of an A60 class deck penetration piece using different surrogate models and a genetic algorithm. Transient heat transfer analysis was performed to evaluate the fire resistance design of the A60 class deck penetration piece. For the approximate optimization of the piece, the length, diameter, material type, and insulation density were applied to discrete design variables, and temperature, productivity, and cost constraints were considered. The approximate optimum design problem based on the surrogate models was formulated such that the discrete design variables were determined by minimizing the weight of the piece subjected to the constraints. The surrogate models used in the approximate optimization were the response surface model, Kriging model, and radial basis function-based neural network. The approximate optimization results were compared with the actual analysis results in terms of approximate accuracy. The radial basis function-based neural network showed the most accurate optimum design results for the fire resistance design of the A60 class deck penetration piece.

A Study on the Non-combustible Properties of High-density Fiber Cement Composites Mixed with Hemp Fibers (마 섬유 혼입에 따른 고밀도 섬유 시멘트 복합체의 불연 특성 연구)

  • Jang, Kyong-Pil;Song, Tae-Hyeob
    • Journal of the Korean Recycled Construction Resources Institute
    • /
    • v.10 no.3
    • /
    • pp.314-320
    • /
    • 2022
  • The function of reinforcing fibers used in building materials is to maintain resistance to bending loads and to function for cracking caused by drying shrinkage. High-density fiber-cement composites are mainly used for linear plates and are used to increase bending resistance. Therefore, tensile properties, bonding strength with cement hydrate, alkali resistance, and the like are required. Recently, as the non-combustible performance has been strengthened, a function to minimize the occurrence of sparks during high-temperature heating has been added. Therefore, the use of organic fibers is limited. In this study, a study was conducted to replace polypropylene used as reinforcing fiber with hemp fiber with excellent heat resistance. Hemp fibers have excellent heat resistance, good affinity with cement, and excellent alkali resistance. Based on the total volume of polypropylene fibers used in the existing formulation, the non-combustible performance was compared and evaluated by using hemp fibers instead of the polypropylene fibers, and basic physical properties such as flexural strength were tested. As a result of conducting a non-combustibility and physical property test using hemp fibers with a fiber length of 7 mm using 2 % and 3 % by weight, it was found that there is no remaining time of the flame, and the flexural strength can be secured at 95 % level of the existing polypropylene fiber.

The Exposure Status and Biomarkers of Bisphenol A in Shipyard Workers (일부 조선업 근로자들의 bisphenol A 노출실태와 생물학적 지표)

  • Kim, Cheong-Sik;Park, Jun-Ho;Cha, Bong-Suk;Park, Jong-Ku;Kim, Heon;Chang, Soung-Hoon;Koh, Sang-Baek
    • Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
    • /
    • v.36 no.2
    • /
    • pp.93-100
    • /
    • 2003
  • Objectives : Because shipyard workers are involved with various manufacturing process, they are exposed to many kinds of hazardous materials. Welders especially, are exposed to bisphenol-A (BPA) during the welding and flame cutting of coated steel, This study was conducted to assess the exposure status of the endocrine disrupter based on the job-exposure matrix. The effects of the genetic polymorphism of xenobiotic enzyme metabolisms involved in the metabolism of BPA on the levels of urinary metabolite were investigated. Methods : The study population was recruited from a shipyard company in the f province. A total of 84 shipbuilding workers 47 and 37 in the exposed and control groups, respectively, were recruited for this study. The questionnaire variables included, age, sex, use of personal protective equipment, smoking, drinking and work duration. The urinary metabolite was collected in the afternoon and correction made for the urinary creatinine concentration. The of the CYP1A1, CYP2E1 and UGT1A6 genotypes were investigated using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) methods with the DNA extracted from venous blood. Results : The urinary BPA level in the welders group was significantly higher than in the control group (p<0.05). The urinary BPA concentration with the wild type UGT1A6 was higher than the other UGT1A6 genotypes, but with no statistical significant. From themultiple regression analysis of the urinary BPA, the regression coefficient for job grade was statistically significant (p<0.05). Conclusions : The grade of exposure to BPA affected the urinary BPA concentration was statistically significant. However, the genetic polymorphisms of xenobiotics enzyme metabolism were not statistically significant. Further investigation of the genetic polymorphisms with a larger sample size is needed.

A historical study of the Large Banner, a symbol of the military dignity of the Late Joseon Dynasty (조선 후기 무위(武威)의 상징 대기치(大旗幟) 고증)

  • JAE, Songhee;KIM, Youngsun
    • Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
    • /
    • v.54 no.4
    • /
    • pp.152-173
    • /
    • 2021
  • The Large Banner was introduced during the Japanese Invasions of Korea with a new military system. It was a flag that controlled the movement of soldiers in military training. In addition, it was used in other ways, such as a symbol when receiving a king in a military camp, a flag raised on the front of a royal procession, at the reception and dispatch of envoys, and at a local official's procession. The Large Banner was recognized as a symbol of military dignity and training rites. The Large Banner was analyzed in the present study in the context of two different types of decorations. Type I includes chungdogi, gakgi and moongi. Type II includes grand, medium, and small obangi, geumgogi and pyomigi. Each type is decorated differently for each purpose. The size of the flag is estimated to be a square of over 4 ja long in length. Flame edges were attached to one side and run up and down The Large Banner used the Five Direction Colors based on the traditional principles of Yin-Yang and Five Elements. The pattern of the Large Banner is largely distinguished by four. The pattern of large obangi consists of divine beasts symbolizing the Five Directions and a Taoism amulet letter. The pattern of medium obangi features spiritual generals that escort the Five Directions. The pattern of small obangi has the Eight Trigrams. The pattern of moongi consists of a tiger with wings that keeps a tight watch on the army's doors. As for historical sources of coloring for Large Banner production, the color-written copy named Gije, from the collection of the Osaka Prefect Library, was confirmed as the style of the Yongho Camp in the mid to late 18th century, and it was also used for this essay and visualization work. We used Cloud-patterned Satin Damask as the background material for Large Banner production, to reveal the dignity of the military. The size of the 4 ja flag was determined to be 170 cm long and 145 cm wide, and the 5 ja flag was 200 cm long and 175 cm wide. The conversion formula used for this work was Youngjochuck (1 ja =30cm). In addition, the order of hierarchy in the Flag of the King was discovered within all flags of the late Joseon Dynasty. In the above historical study, the two types of Large Banner were visualized. The visualization considered the size of the flag, the decoration of the flagpole, and the patterns described in this essay to restore them to their original shape laid out the 18th century relics on the background. By presenting color, size, material patterns, and auxiliary items together, it was possible not only to produce 3D content, but also to produce real products.

Studies on the Life History of Bacciger harengulae (Bacciger harengulae의 생활사에 관한 연구)

  • KIM Young-Gill;CHUN Seh-Kyu
    • Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
    • /
    • v.17 no.5
    • /
    • pp.449-470
    • /
    • 1984
  • The cercaria of Bacciger herengulae which is parasitized on the gonad of Solen strictus was investigated in order to reveal its entire life history. The area covered for the study was in the vicinity sea of Naechodo, the estuary of the Kum river in the western coast of Korea during the period of 1980-1983. Morphology and development as well as infection rates of sporocyst and cercaria within Solen strictus were examined. For accomplishing the objectives of this study, an artificial infection experiment and some investigations on the second intermediate host, the final host and the growing stages were also studied in both laboratory and natural habitat of Solen strictus. According to the study, it was revealed that the first intermediate hosts were Meretrix lusoria, Solen strictus, Tapes japonica and Laternula limicola, the second intermediate host was Palaemon (Exopalaemon) carinicauda and the final hosts were Konosirus punctatus and Harengula zunasi. A mature sporocyst which was found in the gonad of Solen strictus was $4.0-4.3{\times}0.2-0.21\;mm$ insize, and the cercaia with 27 pairs of setae, each seta consisting of 6 tufts, was $270{\times}147{\mu}m$ in body size and $550{\times}52{\mu}m$ in tail size. Oral sucker($52{\times}42{\mu}m$), pharynx, vental sucker and two testese were obviously seen within the cercaria. The excretory vesicles of cercaria were in V-shape and the flame cell were formula was expressed as 2[(3+3)+(3+3)]=24. The infection of cercaria in the first intermediate host, Solen strictus, was found throughout the year regardlless of the water temperature, and its mean infection rate was $9.67\%$ during the study period. The infection rate fluctuated with temperature, the highest being $28.0\%\;at\;28.0^{\circ}C$ water temperature in July and the lowest $2.4\%\;at\;19.5^{\circ}C$ in October, and it increased in proportion to the shell length on the host. But cercaria was not detected at below 4.0 cm in size of the host. Mature cercariae were found 6 months from May to October when water temperature was above $19.5^{\circ}C$. On the other hand, when water temperature was below $19.5^{\circ}C$, only immature cercariae and sporocysts were found. The cercariae were active for 35 hours and survived for 71 hours at $20^{\circ}C$, and 29 and 34 hours at $25^{\circ}C$ respectively, whereas the cercariae were inactive at less than $20^{\circ}C$ in water temperature. Cercaria, from Solen strictus, approached shrimp of 1-3 cm in body length as its second host. Then, it began to intrude in to the muscle of shrimp after 2-3 hours. The infected cercaria formed cyst after 7-8 hours, and became mature metacercaria. $420{\times}310{\mu}m$ in size, 15 days afer infection. The infection rate of metaceria to shrimp in the laboratory was highest, at $25^{\circ}C$ being $61\%$ and at $20^{\circ}C\;17%$. The infection rate of metacearia in shrimp was highest in the first abdominal segment, followed by cephalothorax, the second, and fifth abdominal segments, and in that order. Also, the infection rate of metacercaria in wild shrimp was high $9.6-11.1\%$ at $26.5^{\circ}C$ in June, and low $1.56-2.5\%$ at $28-29.5^{\circ}C$ from July to August. The infected shrimp with metacercaria was experimentally fed to Konosirus punctatus in the laboratory in order to know its final host. The metacercaria developed into the adult worm, $440-520{\times}310-360{\mu}m$ in size, within the intestine of Konosirus punctatus 20 days after infection. The adult worm was oval shape and $20-24{\times}11-20{\mu}m$ in size. The infection rate of adult worm to Konosirus punctatus and Harengula zunasi ranged 87.3 to $100\%$, the mean being $95.2\%$, regardless of the body length of their hosts. The infection rate was $100\%$ in June and July, but it decreased in September and October. The size and body structure of the trematode observed during the present study were well agreed with those ievestigated by Yamaguti(1938), thus, it may be concluded that the adult worm it identified as Bacciger harengulae.

  • PDF

Performance Evaluation of Siemens CTI ECAT EXACT 47 Scanner Using NEMA NU2-2001 (NEMA NU2-2001을 이용한 Siemens CTI ECAT EXACT 47 스캐너의 표준 성능 평가)

  • Kim, Jin-Su;Lee, Jae-Sung;Lee, Dong-Soo;Chung, June-Key;Lee, Myung-Chul
    • The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
    • /
    • v.38 no.3
    • /
    • pp.259-267
    • /
    • 2004
  • Purpose: NEMA NU2-2001 was proposed as a new standard for performance evaluation of whole body PET scanners. in this study, system performance of Siemens CTI ECAT EXACT 47 PET scanner including spatial resolution, sensitivity, scatter fraction, and count rate performance in 2D and 3D mode was evaluated using this new standard method. Methods: ECAT EXACT 47 is a BGO crystal based PET scanner and covers an axial field of view (FOV) of 16.2 cm. Retractable septa allow 2D and 3D data acquisition. All the PET data were acquired according to the NEMA NU2-2001 protocols (coincidence window: 12 ns, energy window: $250{\sim}650$ keV). For the spatial resolution measurement, F-18 point source was placed at the center of the axial FOV((a) x=0, and y=1, (b)x=0, and y=10, (c)x=70, and y=0cm) and a position one fourth of the axial FOV from the center ((a) x=0, and y=1, (b)x=0, and y=10, (c)x=10, and y=0cm). In this case, x and y are transaxial horizontal and vertical, and z is the scanner's axial direction. Images were reconstructed using FBP with ramp filter without any post processing. To measure the system sensitivity, NEMA sensitivity phantom filled with F-18 solution and surrounded by $1{\sim}5$ aluminum sleeves were scanned at the center of transaxial FOV and 10 cm offset from the center. Attenuation free values of sensitivity wire estimated by extrapolating data to the zero wall thickness. NEMA scatter phantom with length of 70 cm was filled with F-18 or C-11solution (2D: 2,900 MBq, 3D: 407 MBq), and coincidence count rates wire measured for 7 half-lives to obtain noise equivalent count rate (MECR) and scatter fraction. We confirmed that dead time loss of the last flame were below 1%. Scatter fraction was estimated by averaging the true to background (staffer+random) ratios of last 3 frames in which the fractions of random rate art negligibly small. Results: Axial and transverse resolutions at 1cm offset from the center were 0.62 and 0.66 cm (FBP in 2D and 3D), and 0.67 and 0.69 cm (FBP in 2D and 3D). Axial, transverse radial, and transverse tangential resolutions at 10cm offset from the center were 0.72 and 0.68 cm (FBP in 2D and 3D), 0.63 and 0.66 cm (FBP in 2D and 3D), and 0.72 and 0.66 cm (FBP in 2D and 3D). Sensitivity values were 708.6 (2D), 2931.3 (3D) counts/sec/MBq at the center and 728.7 (2D, 3398.2 (3D) counts/sec/MBq at 10 cm offset from the center. Scatter fractions were 0.19 (2D) and 0.49 (3D). Peak true count rate and NECR were 64.0 kcps at 40.1 kBq/mL and 49.6 kcps at 40.1 kBq/mL in 2D and 53.7 kcps at 4.76 kBq/mL and 26.4 kcps at 4.47 kBq/mL in 3D. Conclusion: Information about the performance of CTI ECAT EXACT 47 PET scanner reported in this study will be useful for the quantitative analysis of data and determination of optimal image acquisition protocols using this widely used scanner for clinical and research purposes.