• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• 제28권6호
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• pp.981-992
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• 2004

Freeze drying under vacuum condition is a complex process that involves simultaneous heat and mass transfer, sublimation of ice, and motion of sublimation front. Proper treatment of the motion of sublimation interface is crucial for an accurate prediction of the freeze drying process. Based on the enthalpy formulation that has been successfully used in liquid/solid phase change problems. a fixed grid method. streamlined for the freeze drying analysis. was developed in this study. The accuracy of the fixed grid method was checked by solving a one-dimensional tray freeze drying and a two-dimensional vial freeze drying problem and then comparing the results with those by the moving grid method. Finally. the freeze drying characteristics of two-dimensional slab and axis-symmetric cylinder was investigated using the fixed grid method.

• 대한조선학회논문집
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• 제54권1호
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• pp.26-33
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• 2017

In this study, the surface marker method, one of the particle tracking methods, used to track the free surface is extended to cover the more general cases easily including the collision and separation of the free surface. In surface particle method to redistribute particles effectively using the grid system, the free surface is composed of the sum of quadrilaterals having four curves where fixed markers are placed at ends of each curve. Fixed markers are used to know how curves are connected to each other. The position of fixed markers can move as the free surface deforms but all fixed markers cannot be deleted during all time of simulation to keep informations of curve connection. In the case of the collision or separtion of the free surface where several curves can be intersected disorderly, severe difficulties can occur to define newly states of curve connection. In this study, the adaptable surface parTicle method without fixed markers is introduced. Intersection markers instead of the fixed markers are used to define quadrilaterals. The position of the intersection markers is defined to be the intersection point between the free surface and the edge of the grid and it can be added or deleted during the time of simulation to allow more flexibilities. To verify numerical schemes, two flow cases are simulated and the numerical results are compared with other's one and shown to be valid.

• International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.277-300
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• 2016

The motion of a floating body and the free surface flow are the most important design considerations for ships and offshore platforms. In the present research, a numerical method is developed to simulate the motion of a floating body and the free surface using a fixed rectilinear grid system. The governing equations are the continuity equation and Naviere-Stokes equations. The boundary of a moving body is defined by the interaction points of the body surface and the centerline of a grid. To simulate the free surface the Modified Marker-Density method is implemented. Ships advancing in regular waves, the interaction of waves by a fixed circular cylinder array and the response amplitude operators of an offshore platform are simulated and the results are compared with published research data to check the applicability. The numerical method developed in this research gives results good enough for application to the initial design stage.

• International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.206-218
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• 2014

The wave attenuation by floating breakwaters in high amplitude waves, which can lead to wave overtopping and breaking, is examined by numerical simulations. The governing equations, the Navier-Stokes equations and the continuity equation, are calculated in a fixed Cartesian grid system. The body boundaries are defined by the line segment connecting the points where the grid line and body surface meet. No-slip and divergence free conditions are satisfied at the body boundary cell. The nonlinear waves near the moving body is defined using the modified marker-density method. To verify the present numerical method, vortex induced vibration on an elastically mounted cylinder and free roll decay are numerically simulated and the results are compared with those reported in the literature. Using the present numerical method, the wave attenuations by three kinds of floating breakwaters are simulated numerically in a regular wave to compare the performance.

• 대한지하수환경학회지
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.23-32
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• 1999

Richards 방정식(RE) 해를 구하는 새로운 수치해석적인 방법으로 해적응격자(SAG)법을 개발하였다. SAG 법은 격자생성법을 이용하여 해의 구배가 큰 영역에 더 많은 수의 격자가 밀집되도록 일정한 수의 격자를 자동으로 재분배한다. 이 방법은 좌표변환기법을 이용하여 지배방정식인 RE를 새로운 좌표에서의 RE로 변환하고 유한차분법을 적용하여 방정식의 해를 구한다. 이때 격자점들의 이동은 변환된 RE에 수식으로 반영되기 때문에 고정된 격자점 을 갖는 변환된 영역에서는 해를 구하는 과정에서 내삽법이 불필요하게 된다. 따라서 SAG법은 불포화대에서의 지하수 침투과정을 모사할 때 습윤전선의 이동과 관련하여 발생하는 수치해석적 난제를 크게 개선할 수 있는 방법이다. SAG법과 고정격자를 이용하는 기존의 수정 Picard법을 비교하기 위하여 1차원 침투문제에 대한 수치실험을 실시하였다. 41개의 격자점을 이용한 SAG법은 201점의 고정격자법과 비교하였을 때, 해의 정확도에서는 비슷한 값을 보였으며 계산시간은 반으로 줄어들었다. SAG해의 질량평형과 수렴도는 시간간격 ($\Delta$t)과 해적응 격자생성에 사용된 가중모수 (${\gamma}$)에 크게 영향을 받는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 SAG법을 이용하여 질량보존적이며 동시에 수렴하는 해를 구하기 위해서는 $\Delta$t와 ${\gamma}$를 자동으로 재조정하는 과정이 요구되며, 이러한 과정은 계산시간을 증가시키는 요인으로 작용할수도 있을 것이다. 본 연구에서 제시된 방법은 특별히 시간에 따른 전선의 이동을 다루는 불포화 유동 및 오염물 거동 문제에서 유용하게 사용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• 설비공학논문집
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• 제16권10호
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• pp.923-931
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• 2004

A multi-dimensional freeze drying analysis program, which took simultaneous heat and mass transfer, sublimation of ice and motion of sublimation front into full account, was developed using finite volume method with fixed grid. The effect due to the motion of sublimation interface was modeled by an enthalpy formulation streamlined for the freeze drying problems. The efficiency and accuracy of the program was validated by solving one- and two-dimensional freeze drying problems frequently encountered in industrial processes. Finally, the freeze drying processes of cylinder and slab objects with permeable side surfaces were simulated, which demonstrated the capability of the present analysis program in solving multi-dimensional freeze drying problems with complex sublimation interface configurations.

• 한국전산유체공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국전산유체공학회 2011년 춘계학술대회논문집
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• pp.395-406
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• 2011

In this research a numerical simulation method is developed for moving body in free surface flows using fixed staggered rectangular grid system. The non-linear free surface near the body is defined by marker-density method. The body boundary is defined by line segment connecting the points where the body surface and grid line meet. Continuity equation and Navier-Stokes equations are used as governing equations and the equations are coupled with two-step projection method. The velocities and pressures of body boundary and free surface cells are calculated with simultaneous iterative method. To treat a body movement in a fixed grid system, the volume displaced by moving body is added to the divergence of the body boundary cell. For the verification of the present numerical method. vortex shedding period of advancing cylinder is calculated and the period is compared with existing experiment results. Moreover, added mass and damping coefficients of a vertically excited box are calculated and the computed results are compared with published experiment results. Impulsive pressure and water level variation due to sloshing phenomenon are simulated and the results are compared with published experiment results. Varying the plunger shape, the waves generated by plunging type wave maker are compared with the 2nd order Stokes wave theory The plunger shape generating the wave that shows the best agreement with the theory is represented.

• 한국해양공학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.48-54
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• 2006

In this paper, flowfield and acoustic-field around moving bodies are simulated by the Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian (ALE) formulation in the finite difference lattice Boltzmann method. Some effects are checked by comparing flaw about a square cylinder in ALE formulation and that in the fixed coordinates, and both agree very well. Matching procedure between the moving grid and fixed grid is also considered. The applied method in which the both grids are connected through buffer region is shown to be superior to moving overlapped grid. Dipole-like emissions of sound wave from harmonically vibrating bodies in two- and three-dimensional cases are simulated.

• Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology
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• 제15권6호
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• pp.796-803
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• 2001

Numerical solutions for the convection-dominated melting in a rectangular cavity are presented. The enthalpy-porosity model is employed as the mathematical model. This model is applied in conjunction with the EIT method to detect boundary movement in a phase changing environment. The absorption and evolution of latent heat during the phase change is dealt with by the enthalpy-based energy equation. This seems to be more efficient than resolving the temperature-based energy equation. The velocity switch-off, which is required when solid changes into liquid, is modeled by the porous medium assumption. For efficiency and simplicity of the solutions procedure, this paper proposes a simple algorithm, which iterates the temperature and the liquid fraction of the cells comprising the front layer. The numerical results agree reasonably well with the experimental data and other previous works using the transformed-grid system.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.421-428
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• 2011

We conducted modeling experiments to evaluate the residence times and exchange rates of seawater in Gamak Bay, located on the southern coast of the Korean Peninsula. The results revealed that pollutants are more quickly dispersed in a fixed grid rather than in a variable grid system. Pollutant concentrations decayed exponentially with time after release near the mouth of the bay, whereas no exponential variations were seen at the northwest end of the bay. The mean exchange rate of the seawater was 1.58% per day in the variable grid system, and the residence time of pollutants was greater than 288 days in Gamak Bay. Conversely, the exchange rate of seawater in Gamak Bay, as revealed by the particle tracking method, was 65% over a 50-day simulation. The results suggest that the seawater exchange in Gamak Bay is so low that pollutants are likely to remain in the bay indefinitely.