• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
• /
• v.38 no.5_2
• /
• pp.793-810
• /
• 2022

Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) is considered to be suitable for near real-time inundation monitoring. The distinctly different intensity between water and land makes it adequate for waterbody detection, but the intrinsic speckle noise and variable intensity of SAR images decrease the accuracy of waterbody detection. In this study, we suggest two modules, named 'morphology module' and 'edge-enhanced module', which are the combinations of pooling layers and convolutional layers, improving the accuracy of waterbody detection. The morphology module is composed of min-pooling layers and max-pooling layers, which shows the effect of morphological transformation. The edge-enhanced module is composed of convolution layers, which has the fixed weights of the traditional edge detection algorithm. After comparing the accuracy of various versions of each module for U-Net, we found that the optimal combination is the case that the morphology module of min-pooling and successive layers of min-pooling and max-pooling, and the edge-enhanced module of Scharr filter were the inputs of conv9. This morphologic and edge-enhanced U-Net improved the F1-score by 9.81% than the original U-Net. Qualitative inspection showed that our model has capability of detecting small-sized waterbody and detailed edge of water, which are the distinct advancement of the model presented in this research, compared to the original U-Net.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
• /
• v.16 no.1
• /
• pp.113-124
• /
• 2014

The observed rainfall may be different along with the altitude of rain gauge, resulting in the fact that the characteristics of rainfall events occurred in urban or mountainous areas are different. Due to the mountainous effects, in higher altitude, the uncertainty involved in the rainfall observation gets higher so that the density of rain gauges should be more dense. Basically, a methodology for the rain gauge network evaluation, considering this altitude effect of rain gauges can account for the mountainous effects and becomes an important step for forecasting flash flood and calibrating of the radar rainfall. For this reason, in this study, we suggest a methodology for rain gauge network evaluation with consideration of the rain gauge's altitude. To explore the density of rain gauges at each level of altitude, the Equal-Altitude-Ratio of the density of rain gauges, which is based on the fixed amount of elevation and the Equal-Area-Ratio of the density of rain gauges, which is based on the fixed amount of basin area are designed. After these two methods are applied to a real watershed, it is found that the Equal-Area-Ratio generates better results for evaluation of a rain gauge network with consideration of rain gauge's altitude than the Equal-Altitude-Ratio does. In addition, for comparison between the soundness of rain gauge networks in other watersheds, the Coefficient of Variation (CV) of the rain gauge density by the Equal-Area-Ratio is served as the index for the evenness of the distribution of the rain gauge's altitude. The suggested method is applied to the five large watersheds in Korea and it is found that rain gauges installed in a watershed having less value of the CV shows more evenly distributed than the ones in a watershed having higher value of the CV.

• Journal of Broadcast Engineering
• /
• v.18 no.3
• /
• pp.445-454
• /
• 2013

By using the radio propagation prediction of Rec. ITU-R P.1546, geographic information system, and S-I plane, we presented the methodology of interference analysis based on the minimum coupling loss, and also suggested the local coordinate system for calculating azimuth and elevation angles between the victim receiver and the interferer for an arbitrary antenna pattern. To check the presented algorithm, the map with the land-sea mixed area was taken for the given area of $80{\times}60[km^2]$ as real geography information. Field strength, path profile, and protection ratio with maximum allowable interference level have been illustrated for radar and fixed wireless system for the assumed frequency. In addition interference power of the victim receiver was calculated asa function of azimuth and elevation angles of the interferer. The developed methodology of interference analysis in the VHF and UHF bands can be actually applied to assess interoperability as well as compatibility in the civil or military applications.

• Journal of Advanced Navigation Technology
• /
• v.20 no.3
• /
• pp.210-217
• /
• 2016

Damage caused by FOD which is a foreign substance at the movement area in airports around the world has reached 200 million every year. In 2000, the casualties occurred 133 people at charles de gaulle airport due to FOD. The occurrence of damage by FOD has continuously influenced in domestic also it makes equipment repair indirectly or directly. Accordingly, One of the solutions to the problem is the development of FOD automatic detection system. That is ongoing for plane movement area in airport. As the analyzed result, the military airport prefered mobile type and the civil airport prefered fixed type due to the characteristics of the operating type. In this paper, we analyzed the minimum performance specifications meeting the domestic requirements by investigating military and private FOD detection systems.

• Tunnel and Underground Space
• /
• v.6 no.4
• /
• pp.342-347
• /
• 1996

The changes of electromagnetic wave velocity in rock were monitored to investigate rock behaviors due to the drill & blasting excavations through georadar tomography during the construction of the underground rock laboratory (5 m wide, 6 m high, and 140 m long) at Mabuk-Ri, Goosung-Myun, Yongin-Si, Kyunggi-Do. Two horizontal boreholes spaced 1.4 m apart were drilled parallel to the test tunnel before excavating it, high-resolution crosshole georadar tomography with about 500 MHz electromagnetic waves was performed at pre-excavation phase (May, 1996) and post-excavation phase (August, 1996). The data were acquired with the combination of 34 sources and 44 receivers with space of 0.3 m. Only 11 continuous receivers were selectively utilized with one fixed source. Sampling interval was 0.4 ns and each trace has 512 samples. The first arrival of each trace was picked manually with a picking software. The total number of rays used in inversion amounted to 34x11 and the size of pixel was determined to be 0.3 m. As an inversion technique, SIRT(Simultaneous Iterative Reconstruction Technique) was applied in this study. The velocity of electromagnetic waves at post-excavation phase decreased as large as 15% in comparison with that at pre-excavation phase, which may be attributed to the creation of micro-cracks in rock due to excavations and saturation with groundwater. Small amount of borehole deviation made a critical effect in radar tomography. Totally different tomograms were created after borehole deviation corrections.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
• /
• v.24 no.1
• /
• pp.12-16
• /
• 1988

The observation of the tidal current and the bottom contour around the set net fishing ground were carried out at four different regions of the southern part of Korea in order to obtain the basic information on the migrating course of fishes. The bottom contour was surveyed with portable echo sounder, and the tidal current was observed by two different methods at the same time. One was 25 hour observation at the fixed position with self-recording current meter (Inter Ocean Model 135 type) and the other was the drift observation of radar reflectors. Most of the set nets have been set near bottom valleys. It was regarded that the fish school became to dense easily near the valley according to the combined effect of the tidal current and the bottom contour.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science
• /
• v.27 no.12
• /
• pp.1036-1043
• /
• 2016

In this paper, an analysis about the elevation angle accuracy degradation of an APAR(Airport Precision Approach Radar) due to the multi-path effect using a phased array antenna was performed. An APAR installed around a runway of airport will be continuously affected in a runway surface of the fixed environment. In this paper, an analysis about the elevation angle accuracy degradation of APAR due to the multi-path effect of runway surface was conducted through a calculation of monopluse slope and sum/difference beam pattern analysis of array antenna. Also, a difference pattern for monopulse to minimize this degradation was optimized in an appropriate configuration to improve a elevation angle accuracy. Finally, a degree of improvement of elevation angle accuracy was confirmed by calculating a monopulse slope including the ground reflection after applying optimized difference patterns of array antenna.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
• /
• 2016.05a
• /
• pp.285-285
• /
• 2016

설계홍수량 산정 시, 지점강우량을 대상 유역 내 면적강우량으로 환산하기 위해 면적우량환산계수(ARF, Areal Reduction Factors)를 적용한다. ARF를 산정하는 방법은 크게 면적고정형법(Fixed-Area Method)과 호우중심형법(Storm-Centered Method)로 나뉜다. 면적고정형법은 현재 국내 하천설계기준에서 활용하고 있는 방법이지만, 공간적 관측밀도의 제약으로 정확한 ARF 산정에는 한계가 있다. 또한 연 최대치계열의 독립적인 빈도해석을 통해 지점강우량과 면적강우량을 산정하므로 동시간(Synchronized)에 발생하는 강우 사상이라고 볼 수 없기 때문에 산정된 ARF는 실제 강우사상으로부터 산정된 값과 편차를 보인다. 반면 호우중심형법은 각각의 강우사상을 분석 대상 유역 중심에 공간전이 시켜 최대 강우량이 발생하도록 하는 방법으로, 레이더 강우 자료를 활용하면 현실적 ARF값의 산정이 가능해진다. 레이더 강우는 기상청에서 제공하는 2007-2012년 홍수기(6-9월)의 10분 단위 단일편파 전국합성 레이더 자료를 활용하였으며, 대상지역으로는 한강 권역을 선정하였다. 그러나 기상청 레이더강우 자료의 경우 가용기간이 아직까지 충분하지 않아 다양한 빈도의 강우사상을 확보하는데 한계가 있어, 보조적으로 한강 권역의 지상강우 관측 자료를 수집하여 높은 재현기간의 강우사상이 부족한 문제점을 해결하고자 하였다. 산정된 레이더 및 지상강우 호우중심형 ARF는 통계적 분석을 통해 비초과확률 90%, 95%의 값을 추출하였으며, 지속시간 1시간, 3시간, 6시간, 12시간, 24시간과 재현기간 0~10년, 10~20년, 20~50년, 50~80년, 80~100년에 대한 호우중심형 ARF 회귀상수를 제시하였다. 비초과확률 95%에서 기존 국토해양부(2011)에서 제시된 ARF와 호우중심형 ARF는 대체로 유사한 경향을 보이고 있었으나, 지속시간이 비교적 긴 12시간, 24시간에서는 호우중심형이 기존 ARF보다 다소 작게 산정되는 패턴을 보이고 있어 설계적용 시 유의해야 할 것으로 사료된다.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
• /
• v.43 no.3
• /
• pp.374-383
• /
• 2010

Microwave radar can penetrate cloud cover regardless of weather conditions and can be used day and night. Especially a ground-based polarimetric scatterometer has advantages of monitoring crop conditions continuously with full polarization and different frequencies. Kim et al. (2009) have measured backscattering coefficients of paddy rice using L-, C-, X-band scatterometer system with full polarization and various angles during the rice growth period and have revealed the necessity of near-continuous automatic measurement to eliminate the difficulties, inaccuracy and sparseness of data acquisitions arising from manual operation of the system. In this study, we constructed an X-band automatic scatterometer system, analyzed scattering characteristics of paddy rice from X-band scatterometer data and estimated rice growth parameter using backscattering coefficients in X-band. The system was installed inside a shelter in an experimental paddy field at the National Academy of Agricultural Science (NAAS) before rice transplanting. The scatterometer system consists of X-band antennas, HP8720D vector network analyzer, RF cables and personal computer that controls frequency, polarization and data storage. This system using automatically measures fully-polarimetric backscattering coefficients of rice crop every 10 minutes. The backscattering coefficients were calculated from the measured data at a fixed incidence angle of $45^{\circ}$ and with full polarization (HH, VV, HV, VH) by applying the radar equation and compared with rice growth data such as plant height, stem number, fresh dry weight and Leaf Area Index (LAI) that were collected at the same time of each rice growth parameter. We examined the temporal behaviour of the backscattering coefficients of the rice crop at X-band during rice growth period. The HH-, VV-polarization backscattering coefficients steadily increased toward panicle initiation stage, thereafter decreased and again increased in early-September. We analyzed the relationships between backscattering coefficients in X-band and plant parameters and predicted the rice growth parameters using backscattering coefficients. It was confirmed that X-band is sensitive to grain maturity at near harvesting season.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
• /
• v.31 no.6
• /
• pp.501-512
• /
• 2015

Landfast sea ice (LFI) in Terra Nova Bay, East Antarctica where the Jangbogo Antarctic Research Station is located, has significant influences on marine ecosystem and the sailing of an icebreaker. Therefore, it is essential to analyze the spatio-temporal variation of the LFI in Terra Nova Bay. In this study, we chose interferometric pairs with the temporal baseline from 1 to 9 days out of a total of 62 COSMO-SkyMed synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images over Terra Nova Bay obtained from December 2010 to January 2012, and then constructed the coherence image of each pair. The LFI showed coherence values higher than 0.3 even in the interferometric SAR (InSAR) pairs of up to 9-days of temporal baseline. This was because the LFI was fixed at coastline and thus showed low temporal phase decorrelation. Based on the characteristics of the coherence on LFI, We defined the areas of LFI that show spatially homogeneous coherence values higher than 0.5. Pack ice (PI) and open water showed low coherence values due to large temporal phase decorreation caused by current and wind. Distinguishing PI from open water in the coherence images was difficult due to their similarly low coherence values. PI was identified in SAR amplitude images by investigating cracks on the ice. The extents of the LFI and PI were estimated from the coherence and SAR amplitude images and their temporal variations were analyzed. The extent of the LFI increased from March to July (maximum extent of $170.7km^2$) and decreased from October. The extent of the PI increased from February to May and decreased from May to July when the LFI increases dramatically. The extent of the LFI and air temperature showed an inverse correlation with a time lag of about 2 months, i.e., the extent of the LFI decreases after 2 months of the increase in the air temperature. Meanwhile the correlation between wind speed and the extent of the LFI was very low. This represents that the extent of LFI in Terra Nova Bay are influenced more by the air temperature than wind speed.