• International Area Studies Review
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.29-66
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• 2018

The purpose of the study was to point out the limitation of the conceptual discussions in which researches on gender responsive budgeting have remained so far and to empirically analyze the effect of institutionalization of gender responsive budgeting on the gender equality by using macro data. The units of the analysis were 73 countries which implements gender responsive budgeting among the 229 countries registered in the World Bank. Panel data were established on the materials of 7-year period from 2006 to 2012, which were analyzed by Fixed Effect Model. Gender Equality (Gender Gap Index) which is the ultimate goal of gender budgeting was established as the dependent variable while Institutionalization of Gender Responsive Budgeting (formal and qualitative classification) was established as the independent variable. In addition, social and economic factors, political factors and geographical factors which were judged to affect dependent variables were established as control variables. As a result of analysis, the institutionalization of gender responsive budgeting has positive effect on gender equality. Thus, the study confirmed that gender responsive budgeting has positive effect on gender equality in countries with legal, procedural and formal foundations rather than in countries with simple rhetoric in catchwords and documents. Moreover, the higher the level of institutionalization of gender responsive budgeting is, the more positive effect it has on the gender equality. Therefore, the study found out that efforts need to be accompanied to enhance the level of institutionalization in order to increase the effectiveness of institutionalization of gender responsive budgeting.

• Journal of Adhesion and Interface
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.15-21
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• 2007

To prepare a natural rubber-based pressure-sensitive adhesive (PSA) for protection film of opto- functionalized sheet, natural rubber (NR) was blended with a DCPD type tackifier and three types of aliphatic hydrocarbon resins, respectively. Also, to supply low cohesion strength of NR, in the fixed ratio of tackifier, synthetic rubber, styrene-isoprene-styrene (SIS) block copolymer was blended with NR as a function of SIS contents. PSA performance of prepared PSAs was evaluated using probe tack and peel strength. Probe tack of NR/tackifier blends was increased with increasing tackifier contents, and showed maximum peak. In addition, probe tack of NR/tackifier blends slightly increased with increasing softening point of aliphatic hydrocarbon resins. Their peel strength increased up to 50 wt% of tackifier contents, but in the over contents of tackifier, they showed stick-slip failure mode. Finally, probe tack of NR/SIS/tackifier blends showed the maximum values at 20~40 wt% of tackifier contents, but at 20 wt% of tackifier contents, they showed fibrillation. For this reason, peel strength showed maximum values at 40 wt% of tackifier contents.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.245-250
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• 1976

A field study was conducted to find out the optimum level of NPK fertilizers for pearl barley (Coix Lacryma-Jobi L.). The results are sumarized as follows. 1. When all of NPK fertilizers were increased together as 0-0-0, 6-3-3, 12-6-6-6 and 18-9-9 kg/10a of NPK, the grain yield also increased lineally. 2. When the level of two other elements were fixed at 12kg/10a for N and 6kg/10a for P and K, maximum yields were obtained at 12kg/10a of N and 6kg/10a of P and K. 3. Accordingly, with present results, it is difficult to point out the optimum levels of NPK. It seemed necessary to conduct another trial with expanded NPK levels. However it can be pc pointed out that the yield of pearl barley can be increased with higher levels of NPK fertilizers than 18-9-9 kg/10a at the similar soil used for present study. 4. The antagonism phenomena were observed between N and K in plant's uptake.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Computer Game
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.101-110
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• 2018

This thesis analyzed the correlation between the psychological characteristics of adolescents and the use of games in the first year students of the national high school in 2016. The game is one of the representative entertainment industries in Korea and is an industry that has a great influence on becoming a powerhouse as cultural contents. However, games and immersion are expressed as a negative vocabulary of game addiction and are referred to as social problems and youth problems, and they give negative perception to the content of games. All users have the right to enjoy the content, but only negative words are used in poisonous games and they are packed as if they are social problems. In the present study, many emotional problems that were derived from previous studies were not related to game use in general adolescents. Through the questions related to 'depression', students who are not motivated or energy. The results of this study are as follows. First, the positive effects of game and youth emotional problems were derived through the conclusion that students who are active and emotionally bright are more likely to use game contents. This study was conducted to help change the social perception of the game positively by breaking the social fixed point of view that the emotionally troubled adolescents engage with the game and cause social problems.

• Journal of Korea Trade
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• 제25권7호
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• pp.92-107
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• 2021

Purpose - This paper analyzes the relationship between trade facilitation and agricultural products exports and estimates the effects of trade facilitation in importing countries on Chinese agricultural products exports, which is of great significance for promoting agricultural trade between China,Japan and Korea and the governments of the three countries to formulate targeted trade facilitation policies. Design/methodology - Based on Wilson (2003) theoretical framework, this paper sets up its own trade facilitation level measurement system by involving four primary indicators and fifteen secondary indicators to evaluate the trade facilitation levels of Japan and Korea from 2011 to 2018 respectively. The paper selected the data on China's agricultural exports at the HS4 level from 2011-2018 and used a fixed-effects model to estimate the effect of changes in trade facilitation levels in trading partner countries on China's agricultural trade. Findings - Our main findings can be summarized as follows: the level of trade facilitation in importing countries has a significantly positive effect on China's agricultural exports. The higher the level of trade facilitation in trading partner countries, the more Chinese agricultural exports trade, i.e. for every 1 percentage point increase in the level of trade facilitation, the volume of exports will increase by 2.299%.The sub-sample test shows that China's main agricultural products exported to Japan and Korea, such as aquatic products, vegetables, fruits and other perishable fresh products, are particularly significantly affected by the level of trade facilitation. Originality/value - First, from the innovation of the research perspective, which is different from the analysis of the existing paper on the overall trade facilitation of all traded commodities. This article is based on the close trade relations between China, Japan and Korea, and the particularity of agricultural products, from the perspective of China's agricultural exports to Japan and Korea, discuss the impact of importing countries-Japan and Korea's trade facilitation levels on China's agricultural exports;Secondly, in this paper, the hierarchical data of the HS4 quartile is used to avoid the information loss of the industry, and to analyse the impact of the importing country's trade facilitation level on the export of different types of agricultural products more scientifically.

• Ecology and Resilient Infrastructure
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.88-96
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• 2021

In surface image velocimetry, a wide area of a river is photographed at an angle to measure its velocity, inevitably causing image distortion. Although a distorted image can be corrected into an orthogonal image by using 2D projective coordinate transformation and considering reference points on the same plane as the water surface, this method is limited by the uncertainty of changes in the water level in the event of a flood. Therefore, in this study, we developed a tilt image correction technique that corrects distortions in oblique images without resetting the reference points while coping with changes in the water level using the geometric relationship between the coordinates of the reference points set at a high position the camera, and the vertical distance between the water surface and the camera. Furthermore, we developed a distortion correction method to verify the corrected image, wherein we conducted a full-scale river experiment to verify the reference point transformation equation and measure the surface velocity. Based on the verification results, the proposed tilt image correction method was found to be over 97% accurate, whereas the experiment result of the surface velocity differed by approximately 4% as compared to the results calculated using the proposed method, thereby indicating high accuracy. Application of the proposed method to an image-based fixed automatic discharge measurement system can improve the accuracy of discharge measurement in the event of a flood when the water level changes rapidly.

• Cross-Cultural Studies
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• 제42권
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• pp.205-240
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• 2016

The combination of animals has been developed in each of the cultural spheres as a method of metaphor and symbolism of the cultural code. However, its symbolism is not a fixed constant, but a variable and relative constant. This work focused on its features in comparison with East Asian cultural spheres comedic stories and proverbs. Consequently, several features were identified. First, the combinations of animals in similar comedic stories and proverbs among Korea, Japan and China show a difference in point of view. Korean focuses on the difference of the two animals, but Chinese and Japanese focus on the differences in value and level. Second, the method of anthropomorphization is relatively more developed in China and Japan than Korea. The combinations of animals of Chinese comedic stories and proverbs particularly in the field of anthropomorphization, are most focused on age and sex of the animal. The animal's age or sex remains mostly undetermined in Korean animal's proverbs, unlike Chinese proverbs. On the other hand, two animals in Japanese comedic stories and proverbs are usually of the male and female gender from. Third, the combinations of animals of Chinese and Japanese focus on the animal's body and its characteristics of action. Chinese and Japanese combine the characteristics of the two animal's bodies and actions. This feature apparently caused the resultant combinations of the animal's body parts, for example, the Dragon. Understanding of the combinations of two animals is a good portal into the features of East Asian culture sphere.

• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.130-134
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• 2019

In this paper, a laser-based non-contact load cell is newly developed for measuring forces in prestressed concrete tendons. First, alumina particles have been sprayed onto an empty load cell which has no strain gauges on it, and the layer has been used as a passive stress sensor. Then, the spectral shifts in fluorescence spectroscopy have been measured using a laser-based spectroscopic system under various force levels, and it has been found that the relation of applied force and spectral shift is linear in a lab-scale test. To validate the field applicability of the customized load cell, a full-scale prestressed concrete specimen has been constructed in a yard. During the field test, it was, however, found that the coating surface has irregular stress distribution. Therefore, the location of a probe has to be fixed onto the customized load cell for using the coating layer as a passive stress sensor. So, a prototype customized load cell has been manufactured, which consists of a probe mount on its casing. Then, by performing lab-scale uniaxial compression tests with the prototype load cell, a linear relation between compression stress and spectrum shift at a specific point where laser light had been illuminated has been detected. Thus, it has a high possibility to use the prototype load cell as a force sensor of prestressed concrete tendons.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.281-286
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• 2018

Zona pellucida (ZP), a primarily representative coat of mammalian egg and embryo, has an extremely heterogeneous morphology during different developmental stages. The objective of the present study was to compare the morphological changes of the ZP surface of immature, in vitro and in vivo matured canine oocytes by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Canine ovaries were collected from local veterinary hospitals to recover immature oocytes. The ovaries were sliced and the released cumulus oocyte complexes (COCs) were washed with TL-HEPES. The selected COCs were randomly divided into two groups, first group was processed immediately at immature state and the second group was processed 72 h after in vitro maturation, and compared with in vivo derived oocytes. Oocytes were fixed, critical point dried and examined under SEM. The diameters of oocyte and outer holes of the ZP were measured on a total of 249 oocytes; the results were analyzed using One-way ANOVA. Our results showed that, the diameter of immature oocytes significantly differed (p < 0.05) from that of in vivo matured oocytes ($79.60{\pm}0.77{\mu}m$ vs. $101.46{\pm}1.07{\mu}m$, respectively). Similarly, a significant difference (p < 0.05) in the diameters between those of in vitro and in vivo matured oocytes were found ($79.51{\pm}2.36{\mu}m$ vs. $101.46{\pm}1.07{\mu}m$, respectively). Moreover, the diameters of the outer holes of the ZP were significantly (p < 0.05) larger in in vivo matured ($1.48{\pm}0.42{\mu}m$) than in vitro matured for 72 and immature oocytes ($1.10{\pm}0.16$ and $0.43{\pm}0.12{\mu}m$, respectively). Taken together, these data indicates that the ZP surface is related to oocyte maturity in canine.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• 제29권11호
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• pp.720-726
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• 2019

Recently, research on cost reduction and efficiency improvement of crystalline silicon(c-Si) photovoltaic(PV) module has been conducted. In order to reduce costs, the thickness of solar cell wafers is becoming thinner. If the thickness of the wafer is reduced, cracking of wafer may occur in high temperature processes during the c-Si PV module manufacturing process. To solve this problem, a low temperature process has been proposed. Conductive paste(CP) is used for low temperature processing; it contains Sn57.6Bi0.4Ag component and can be electrically combined with solar cells and ribbons at a melting point of $150^{\circ}C$. Use of CP in the PV module manufacturing process can minimize cracks of solar cells. When CP is applied to solar cells, the output varies with the amount of CP, and so the optimum amount of CP must be found. In this paper, in order to find the optimal CP application amount, we manufactured several c-Si PV modules with different CP amounts. The amount control of CP is fixed at air pressure (500 kPa) and nozzle diameter 22G(outer diameter 0.72Ø, inner 0.42Ø) of dispenser; only speed is controlled. The c-Si PV module output is measured to analyze the difference according to the amount of CP and analyzed by optical microscope and Alpha-step. As the result, the optimum amount of CP is 0.452 ~ 0.544 g on solar cells.