• Journal of The Korea Institute of Healthcare Architecture
• /
• v.27 no.4
• /
• pp.15-27
• /
• 2021

Purpose: This study compares and analyzes the design drawing changes that occur during the design process between hospital design competition and the final detailed design. Based on this, factors that can reduce the rate of changes in drawings are derived. The purpose is to provide basic data to lessen the rate of the changes in the process of architecture design and can be reflected in the design competition guidelines. Methods: In this study, cases of hospitals are selected which are built in 5 recent years. Then compare and analyze the drawings which was drawn in the process from submission of competition to final design. After investigating the design changes that occur after the design competition, analyze the fixed-elements which are the main causes of design changes. Fixed-elements can be narrow down into few architecture-factors such as vertical-core, shafts, public-corridor, HAVC, and mechanical/electrical spaces. Results: Result of the rate of changes in each selected hospital floors can be sorted into variable-elements and fixed-elements which tells that the higher the rate of changes of the fixed-elements, the higher the rate of changes of the variable-elements. Implications: In other words, it can be said as the lower the change rates of the fixed-element, lower changes in whole design changes which represents that the greater the efficiency can be shown in the design process.

• Bulletin of the Korean Mathematical Society
• /
• v.50 no.3
• /
• pp.747-752
• /
• 2013

It's known that one could use a fixed loxodromic or parabolic element in $M(\bar{\mathbb{R}}^n)$ as a test map to test the discreteness of a non-elementary M$\ddot{o}$bius group G. In this paper, we discuss the discreteness of G by using a fixed elliptic element.

• Journal of the Korean Professional Engineers Association
• /
• v.43 no.2
• /
• pp.30-33
• /
• 2010

Immersed tunnel had been a rather new term in Korea before Busan-Geoje fixed link project was started and became known through the media. Although Korean is unfamiliar with the immersed tunnel, this construction method has a long history in the world. Busan-Geoje Fixed Link immersed tunnel consist of 18 elements and each element is approximately 180m long. These tunnel elements are prefabricated of reinforced concrete in a temporary dry dock and are towed to the site and lowered into final position in a dredged trench and are placed on a screeded gravel bed directly without temporary support.

• Journal of the Korean Mathematical Society
• /
• v.44 no.2
• /
• pp.393-406
• /
• 2007

In the framework of generalized convex spaces, we show that generalized KKM maps can be regarded as ordinary KKM maps, and obtain some applications to equilibrium result, maximal element theorems, and almost fixed point theorems on multimaps of the Zima type.

• Journal of Korea Multimedia Society
• /
• v.17 no.10
• /
• pp.1160-1170
• /
• 2014

Clustering methods are very useful in many fields such as data mining, classification, and object recognition. Both the supervised and unsupervised grouping approaches can classify a series of sample data with a predefined or automatically assigned cluster number. However, there is no constraint on the number of elements for each cluster. Numbers of cluster members for each cluster obtained from clustering schemes are usually random. Thus, some clusters possess a large number of elements whereas others only have a few members. In some areas such as logistics management, a fixed number of members are preferred for each cluster or logistic center. Consequently, it is necessary to design a clustering method that can automatically adjust the number of group elements. In this paper, a k-means based clustering method with a fixed number of cluster members is proposed. In the proposed method, first, the data samples are clustered using the k-means algorithm. Then, the number of group elements is adjusted by employing a greedy strategy. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed clustering scheme can classify data samples efficiently for a fixed number of cluster members.

• Journal of applied mathematics & informatics
• /
• v.28 no.3_4
• /
• pp.783-796
• /
• 2010

We introduce a new iterative algorithm for equilibrium and fixed point problems of three hemi-relatively nonexpansive mappings by the CQ hybrid method in Banach spaces, Our results improve and extend the corresponding results announced by Xiaolong Qin, Yeol Je Cho, Shin Min Kang [Xiaolong Qin, Yeol Je Cho, Shin Min Kang, Convergence theorems of common elements for equilibrium problems and fixed point problems in Banach spaces, Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics 225 (2009) 20-30], P. Kumam, K. Wattanawitoon [P. Kumam, K. Wattanawitoon, Convergence theorems of a hybrid algorithm for equilibrium problems, Nonlinear Analysis: Hybrid Systems (2009), doi:10.1016/j.nahs.2009.02.006], W. Takahashi, K. Zembayashi [W. Takahashi, K. Zembayashi, Strong convergence theorem by a new hybrid method for equilibrium problems and relatively nonexpansive mappings, Fixed Point Theory Appl. (2008) doi:10.1155/2008/528476] and others therein.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
• /
• v.48 no.1
• /
• pp.43-54
• /
• 2016

In the present paper, development of the three-dimensional (3D) computational code based on Galerkin finite element method (GFEM) for solving the multigroup forward/adjoint diffusion equation in both rectangular and hexagonal geometries is reported. Linear approximation of shape functions in the GFEM with unstructured tetrahedron elements is used in the calculation. Both criticality and fixed source calculations may be performed using the developed GFEM-3D computational code. An acceptable level of accuracy at a low computational cost is the main advantage of applying the unstructured tetrahedron elements. The unstructured tetrahedron elements generated with Gambit software are used in the GFEM-3D computational code through a developed interface. The forward/adjoint multiplication factor, forward/adjoint flux distribution, and power distribution in the reactor core are calculated using the power iteration method. Criticality calculations are benchmarked against the valid solution of the neutron diffusion equation for International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)-3D and Water-Water Energetic Reactor (VVER)-1000 reactor cores. In addition, validation of the calculations against the $P_1$ approximation of the transport theory is investigated in relation to the liquid metal fast breeder reactor benchmark problem. The neutron fixed source calculations are benchmarked through a comparison with the results obtained from similar computational codes. Finally, an analysis of the sensitivity of calculations to the number of elements is performed.

• Nonlinear Functional Analysis and Applications
• /
• v.28 no.3
• /
• pp.831-850
• /
• 2023

Our long-standing Metatheorem in Ordered Fixed Point Theory is applied to some well-known order theoretic fixed point theorems. In the first half of this article, we introduce extended versions of the Zermelo fixed point theorem, Zorn's lemma, and the Caristi fixed point theorem based on the Brøndsted-Jachymski principle and our 2023 Metatheorem. We show some of their applications to other fixed point theorems or theorems on the existence of maximal elements in partially ordered sets. In the second half, we collect and improve order theoretic fixed point theorems in the collection of Howard-Rubin in 1991 and others. In fact, we improve or extend several ordering principles or fixed point theorems due to Brézis-Browder, Brøndsted, Knaster-Tarski, Tarski-Kantorovitch, Turinici, Granas-Horvath, Jachymski, and others.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
• /
• v.5 no.5
• /
• pp.599-608
• /
• 1997

The concrete stiffness matrices of membrane elements used in the finite element analysis of wall-type structures are reviewed and discussed. The behavior of cracked reinforced concrete membrane elements is first described by summarizing the constitutive laws of concrete and steel established for the two softened truss models (the rotating-angle softened-truss model and the fixed-angle softened-truss model). These constitutive laws are then related to the concrete stiffness matrices of the two existing cracking models (the rotating-crack model and the fixed-crack model). In view of the weakness in the existing models, a general model of the matrix is proposed. This general matrix includes two Poisson ratios which are not clearly understood at present. It is proposed that all five material properties in the general matrix should be established by new biaxial tests of panels using proportional loading and strain-control procedures.

• Bulletin of the Korean Mathematical Society
• /
• v.29 no.2
• /
• pp.277-283
• /
• 1992

Let GF(q) be a finite field with q elements where q=p$^{n}$ for a prime number p and a positive integer n. Consider an arbitrary function .phi. from GF(q) into GF(q). By using the Largrange's Interpolation formula for the given function .phi., .phi. can be represented by a polynomial which is congruent (mod x$^{q}$ -x) to a unique polynomial over GF(q) with the degree < q. In [3], Wells characterized all polynomial over a finite field which commute with translations. Mullen [2] generalized the characterization to linear polynomials over the finite fields, i.e., he characterized all polynomials f(x) over GF(q) for which deg(f) < q and f(bx+a)=b.f(x) + a for fixed elements a and b of GF(q) with a.neq.0. From those papers, a natural question (though difficult to answer to ask is: what are the explicit form of f(x) with zero terms\ulcorner In this paper we obtain the exact form (together with zero terms) of a polynomial f(x) over GF(q) for which satisfies deg(f) < p$^{2}$ and (1) f(x+a)=f(x)+c for the fixed nonzero elements a and c in GF(q).