• East Asian mathematical journal
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.63-74
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• 2024

Timer options are financial instruments proposed by Société Générale Corporate and Investment Banking in 2007. Unlike vanilla options, where the expiry date is fixed, the expiry date of timer options is determined by the investor's choice, which is in linked to a variance budget. In this study, we derive a pricing formula for hybrid options that combine timer options, digital options, and power options, considering an environment where volatility of an underlying asset follows a fast-mean-reverting process. Additionally, we aim to validate the pricing accuracy of these analytical formulas by comparing them with the results obtained from Monte Carlo simulations. Finally, we conduct numerical studies on these options to analyze the impact of stochastic volatility on option's price with respect to various model parameters.

• The Transactions of the Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers P
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• v.50 no.3
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• pp.130-137
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• 2001

In this paper, we propose a new Active Noise Filter Control System which operate as a control performance when a adaptive filter fault. In this system, half-fixed filter which is new filter, connected to parallel with adaptive filter. An adaptive filler use to continuous parameter estimating, but adaptive filter is fault, half-fixed filter update newly data which is continuous estimating date each during sampling period. We simulate and apply the proposed active noise filter system to in the cylinder type duct. Experimental results show that proposed Active Noise Filter Control System has better control performance than existing filter which Eriksson's or Parallel Filter System in term of noise reduction.

• International journal of advanced smart convergence
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.61-68
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• 2019

Spatial modulation (SM) is the first proposed space modulation technique. By further utilizing the quadrature spatial dimension, quadrature spatial modulation (QSM) has been developed as an amendment to SM system to enhance the overall spectral efficiency. Both techniques are capable of entirely eliminating interchannel interference (ICI) at the receiver. In this paper, we propose a simple adaptive hybrid switching transmission scheme to obtain better system performance than SM and QSM systems under a fixed transmission date rate. The presented modulator selection criterion for switching between spatial modulator and quadrature spatial modulator is based on the larger received minimum distance of spatial modulator and quadrature spatial modulator to exploit the spatial channel freedom. It is shown through Monte Carlo simulations that the proposed hybrid SM and QSM switching system yields lower error performance than the conventional SM and QSM systems under the same fixed data rate and thus can provide signal to noise ratio (SNR) gain.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.41
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• pp.103-132
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• 2009

In international sales of goods, the buyer must pay the price for the goods as required by the contract and CISG, The buyer's this obligation includes taking such steps and complying with such formalities as may be required under the contract, which includes providing the seller with relevant letter of credit through the issuing bank. Where the parties have not stipulated the time limit within which the credit should be opened, but there is an agreed date or period for shipment, the time limit for the L/C opening should be calculated back from the agreed date of shipment or the first date of shipment, while, in addition, the buyer should open the L/C sufficiently earlier than the shipment date in order for the seller to be able to know the L/C's opening before beginning to ship the goods. The L/C provided the buyer should conform to the contract of sale. Therefore, for example, when an unconfirmed L/C is provided violating the agreement or the L/C opened states that, under a FOB contract, a "freght prepaid" bill of lading shall be presented as a required document of the L/C, the buyer has failed to perform his obligation. If the buyer fails to perform his obligations to provide the letter of credit, the seller may require the buyer to perform that obligation; may fix an additional period of time of reasonable length for performance of the obligation; or, the seller may declare the contract avoided, if the failure amounts to a fundamental breach of contract, or if the buyer does not, within the additional period of time fixed by the seller, perform the obligation; and the seller claim damages. However, when a relevant L/C has been issued for the seller, as a rule, he cannot ask directly for the buyer to pay the price before avail himself of the L/C first.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2022.10a
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• pp.134-134
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• 2022

Mungbean is used for not only seed but sprout, so, consumption of mungbean has been on the rise in Korea. Life cycle of mungbean tends to be short among Legume. For that reason, Mungbean can be harvested for various cropping system and season per regions and farmers regardless of sowing date and harvesting date. So, Prior research is needed about growth characters and life cycle of mungbean per sowing period. Mungebean cultivar 'Dahyun' and 'Sanpo' supplied by Korea Agriculture Technology Promotion Agency(KOAT) is cultivated in wagner pot. Sowing period is proper time of seeding in Jeollanam-do and Gyeongsangnam-do that is major cultivation region of mungbean in korea from early May to mid July every 2 weeks. Length at maturity stage tends to increase from early May(sowing date: 4^th May) to early July(sowing date: 5^th July), but after that, It tends to decrease from mid July(sowing date: 19^th July). Number of branches and nods shows a similar trend. Length of pod has no tendency and no difference per sowing date. Number of pod per plants has also no tendency per sowing date. Test plots sowing in late May has the most number of pods.(Sanpo 22.9pods, Dahyun 16.8) Number of seeds per pod tends to increase to late May and Test plots sowing in mid July has the most number of seed per pod. In case of sowing at early May, Days of emergence is 7d. its summation of temperature is 132.2℃. After that, it tends to decrease to mid June. After mid June, Days of emergence is fixed to 3d. Average temperature growing up in this season, Summation of temperature from sowing to emergence takes the lowest point in test plots sowing in mid June.(Sanpo 88.6℃, Dahyun 88.6) Days of flowering tends to fasten from early May to mid July. Two cultivar shows same level. Days of maturity tends to fasten to mid June, after that tends to slow. In case that many research results about growth characters and life cycle mungbean per sowing period are drawn, it is expected that it result in increase of cultivation area and income of farmer.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.61 no.4
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• pp.591-597
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• 2023

Pakistan depends heavily on imports for its fuel requirements. In this experiment, catalytic pyrolysis of a blend of feedstock's consisting of date seed, wheat straw, and corn cob was conducted in a fixed bed reactor to produce oil that can be used as an alternative fuel. The main focus was to emphasize the outcome of important variables on the produced oil. The effects of operating conditions on the yield of bio-oil were studied by changing temperature (350-500 ℃), heating rate (10, 15, 20 ℃/min), and particle size (1, 2, 3 mm). Moreover, ZnO was used as a catalyst in the process. First, the thermal degradation of the feedstock was investigated by TGA and DTG analysis at 10 ℃/min of different particle sizes of 1, 2, and 3mm from a temperature range of 0 to 1000 ℃. The optimum temperature was found to be 450 ℃ for maximum degradation, and the oil yield was indicated to be around 37%. It was deduced from the experiment that the maximum production of bio-oil was 32.21% at a temperature of 450 ℃, a particle size of 1mm, and a heating rate of 15 ℃/min. When using the catalyst under the same operating conditions, the bio-oil production increased to 41.05%. The heating value of the produced oil was 22 MJ/kg compared to low-quality biodiesel oil, which could be used as a fuel.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.16 no.1 s.30
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• pp.7-12
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• 1977

In order to find out the optimum weeding date for growing barley in paddy field, several kinds of weeding dates and frequencies were made and compared. The results are summarized as follows: 1. As far as the weeding frequencies were fixed with one time, an immediate weeding after wintering resulted better barley grain yield and yield components by causing decreased yield of weed. 2. Maximum allowable date to be free from the weed competition were estimated as not late than February 10 or at most february 25. 3. It is considerable that the effect of weeding was continuously found till March 11 but no significant weeding effect was found when the weeding was done after April. 4. The competition of weed and barley was relatively so higher from February 25 to March 30 that the control during this period seemed to be very effective by causing little decrease in barley grain yield. 5. Major overdominant weeds observed in the paddy field for barley growing period were Alopecurus aequalis S., Stellaria alsine G., and Galium aparin L., in the order of degrees.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.282-287
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• 2002

This paper action tracing by techniques to do image sequence component to watch invader based on Mobile internet use. First, detect frame in animation that film fixed area, and make use of image subtraction between two frame that adjoin, segment fixed backing and target who move. Segmentalized foreground object detected and did so that can presume middle value of gouge that is abstracted to position that is specified and watch invader by analyzing action gouge. Those watch information is stored, and made Mobile client send out SMS Message about situation of watch place to server being stored to sensed serial numbers, date, Image file with recording of time.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.61-69
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• 2019

Offshore structures are generally exposed to harsh environments such as strong tidal currents and wind loadings. Monitoring the structural soundness and integrity of offshore structures is crucial to prevent catastrophic collapses and to prolong their lifetime; however, it is intrinsically challenging because of the difficulties in accessing the critical structural members that are located under water for installing and repairing sensors and data acquisition systems. Virtual sensing technologies have the potential to alleviate such difficulties by estimating the unmeasured structural responses at the desired locations using other measured responses. Despite the usefulness of virtual sensing, its performance and applicability to the structural health monitoring of offshore structures have not been fully studied to date. This study investigates the use of virtual sensing of offshore structures. A Kalman filter based virtual sensing algorithm is developed to estimate responses at the location of interest. Further, this algorithm performs a multi-sensor data fusion to improve the estimation accuracy under non-stationary tidal loading. Numerical analysis and laboratory experiments are conducted to verify the performance of the virtual sensing strategy using a bottom-fixed offshore structural model. Numerical and experimental results show that the unmeasured responses can be reasonably recovered from the measured responses.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.15-25
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• 2020

Purpose - The purpose of this study is to examine whether the change of settlement procedures have an impact on the distribution of day of the week effect in the UK and French markets or not. U.K and France changed their systems from fixed settlement date systems to fixed settlement lag systems Design/methodology/approach - This study adopted the data of the specific stock market indices such as FTSE 100 in the U.K market and FRCAC 40 in the French market, This study constructs a test of the differences in mean returns across the days of the week by computing the regression equations for each country index. Findings - First, this study found that the evolving settlement procedures in stock exchanges have an effect on stock return of day of the week. Second, long-run improvements in market efficiency may have diminished the effects of certain anomalies in recent periods. Improvements in market efficiency and evolving settlement systems may cause the disappearance of the weekend effect. Research implications or Originality - The Implication of this study is that recent settlement systems contributed to the disappearance of the weekend effect and explains improvements in market efficiency and diminishments of market anomaly. This study may be the first study which examines whether evolving settlement systems have an effect on the disappearance of the weekend effect in the market or not.