• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.123-131
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of diet composition on serum leptin and lipids profiles in rats. At the baseline, seven 4-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats, male, were sacrificed and the remaining rats were divided into five groups and each group was fed one of the following five dietary regiments for 2 weeks and 6 weeks;the control diet AIN76(CAL, n=2l), high-carbonhydrate(rice)(HCR, n=2l), high-carbohydrate(flour)(HCF, n=2l), high-fat(corn oil)(HFO, n=2l), high-fat(beef tallow)(HFB, n=2l). Serum leptin was determined by a double antibody ELISA assay at the baseline(n=7), 6 week(n=35) and 10 week of age(n=70). At 6 weeks of age, the increase in the Food Efficiency Ratio(FER) was related to adipocyte hyperplasia in rats on HFB diets. The serum triglyceride, total cholesterol, and LDL-cholesterol increased significantly in HFB group, and decreased in HFO group compared to control group. The HFC group showed significant increase in serum triglyceride level compared with control group. After 2 weeks and 6 weeks, noticeably high increases in epididymal adipose tissue fat cell mass and numbers were observed with the HFB fed group. Serum leptin levels increased as body weight increased over the period of time(4weeks; 1.50$\pm$0.13ng/ml versus 10weeks; 2.08$\pm$-.13ng/ml). And this result shows that there are 193% higher in rats fed high fat-beef tallow diet than the control diet. Serum leptin levels of the HFB group(4.01$\pm$0.39mg/ml) were significantly higher than that of the HFO(2.06$\pm$0.5613ng/ml), CAL(2.08$\pm$0.1313ng/ml), HCR(2.41$\pm$0.2113ng/ml) and HCF(2.80$\pm$0.4713ng/ml) at p<0.05. The serum leptin concentration was positively correlated with the amount of epididymal fat pads(r=0.47 p<0.01), serum triglyceride(r=0.49, p<0.001), tatal cholesterol(r=0.48, p<0.001), LDL-cholesterol(r=0.58, p<0.001), atherogenic index(r=0.67, p<0.001), and inversely correlated with HDL-cholesterol(r=-0.65, p<0.001). In conclusion, the changes in composition of dietary fat and carbohydrate intake could affect changes in concentration of serum lipids and leptin. Especially, the high-fat diet with animal fat source could increase circulating leptin level. (Korean J Nutrition 34(2) : 123-131, 2001)

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.15
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• pp.6363-6367
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• 2014

Purpose: This study was conducted to assess the preventive effect of Actinidia valvata Dunn (AVD) extract on an animal model of gastrointestinal carcinogenesis on the basis of changes in tumor incidence, cell proliferation, and apoptosis. Materials and Methods: Seventy-five male Wistar rats were divided into five different treatment groups with 15 rats in each group. Group I was given normal feed, whereas Groups II to IV were treated with 10% sodium chloride in the first six weeks and 100ug/mL of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) in drinking water for 24 weeks. Group II was then given normal feed, whereas Group III was given AVD extract (0.24g/kg/day) for 12 weeks. Group IV was given AVD extract from the first week to the 36th week, whereas Group V was treated with AVD extract alone for 36 weeks. All rats were sacrificed at the end of the 36-week experiment and assessed for the presence of gastrointestinal tumors. The occurrence of cancer was evaluated by histology. Bax, Bcl-2, Caspase-3, and cyclinD1 were determined by immunohistochemical staining and Western blotting. Results: The incidences of gastric cancer were 0% in Group I, 73.3% in Group II, 33.3% in Group III, 26.7% in Group IV, and 0% in Group V. Bcl-2 and cyclinD1 expression was decreased in AVD extract treated groups, whereas Bax and Caspase-3 expression was increased. Comparison with group II revealed significant differences (p<0.01). Conclusions: AVD extract exhibits an obvious preventive effect on gastrointestinal carcinogenesis induced by MNNG in rats through the regulation of cell proliferation and apoptosis.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.27-40
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• 2001

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of feeding various Lactobacillus on performance, nutrients digestibility, intestinal microflora, and fecal noxious gas of broiler chicks. One thousand eighty one dat old male broiler chicks were fed into Lactobacillus crispatus avibrd 1(LCB), Lactobacillus reuteri avibro 2(LRB), Lactobacillus crispatus avihen 1(LCH), and Lactobacillus vaginalis avehen 2(LVH) at the level of $10^{4}$ and 10(sup)7cfu/g diet. There were four replicates with thirty chicks per pen. Diets contained ME 3,100, 3,100kcal/kg, and CP 22.0, 20.0% for starting and finishing period, respectively. Weight gain of checks fed Lactobacillus spp. tended to increase from the first week and was higher from 50 to 100g in Lactobacillus treatments than control. Feed intake and feed conversion were not statistically different of all treatments. Dry Matter(DM) digestibility of Lactobacillus treatments was tended to improve compared to that of control, but was not significantly different. Protein and Ca digestibility were also tended to improve in Lactobacillus treatments relative that of control. Lactobacillus treatments showed improved tendency in crude ash and fat compared to those of control, whereas phosphorus digestibility was not consistency. Nutrients digestibilities of bird fed LCH were superior to those of other treatments. It showed significantly higher in Ca and P digestibility than control(P〈0.05). Total Lactobacillus spp. of birds fed various lactobacillus was significantly higher in ileum for five weeks(P〈0.05), but was not different at cecum. Yeast was thought to be not completely attached to intestinal lumen for one week. However, total number of yeast was significantly increased in cecum and ileum from three weeks old chicks(P〈0.05). The number of anaerobes exhibited to tendency the increase in Lantobacillus treatments from one week old of age at both ileum and cecum. Moisture contents of birds fed Lactobacillus spp. was shown from 27 to 30% at five weeks old, whereas it was 38.2% in control. It decreased approximately 25% in Lactobacillus treatments relative to that of control and showed significance between them(P〈0.05). Fecal $NH_{3}$ gas emission was significantly decreased in Lactobacillus treatments and maintained $\frac{1}{3}$to $\frac{1}{2}$ of control(P〈0.05). LCH and LVH treatments were most effective to decrease fecal $NH_{3}$ gas and especiallt impreved ti significantly at the level of the level of 10(sup)7cfu/g diets covpared to that of $10^{4}$ cfu/g diets and control(P〈0.05). In conclusion, feeding Lactobacillus spp. increase performance and nutrients digestibilities of broiler chicks and improve environments of house. Proper supplemental level of Lactobacillus spp. is considered more than $10^{4}$ cfu/g diet.

• Journal of the Korean Society of School Health
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.116-125
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• 1991

The purposes of this study are to identify the degree of exercise intent and behavior and to determine factors influencing exercise and behavior in middle school students. The subjects for this study were 658 middle school students in Chonbuk area. The data were obtained by questionaire for the period from Nov. 1 to Dec. 20, 1990. The instrument used for the study were included 6 existing scales and 2 scales developed by the researcher for this study. They are: 1) The exercise intent scale to assess the exercise plan even when they had no longer physical education. 2) The current exercise behavior to measure of exercise frequency for 1 week. 3) The scale to measure the level of self -esteem. 4) The scale to measure the level of knowledge about exercise. 5) The scale to measure the level of the perceived ability to make commitment. 6) The scale to measure the level of the perceived benifit of exercise. 7) The scale to measure the level of the perceived athletic ability. 8) The scale to measure the level of the attitude toward physical education. The data were analyzed using frequency, percentage, one way ANOVA, Pearson Coeffecients Correlation and stepwise multiple regression. The following; results were obtained. 1. Exercise intent level was in the intermediate range(mean on five point scale of 3.66, with 1 = definitely no). 2. The current exercise behavior level was relatively low(mean=1.77, with l=less than once per week and 4 = 4 or more times per week). 3. Self -esteem levels were in the intermediate range(mean on five point scale of 2.96, a mean of 5.0 indicate highest level of self-esteem.) 4. The levels of perceived ability to make commitments were in the intermediate range(mean=3.05, with 5.0 as most able). 5. The levels of perceived exercise as benificial were relatively high(mean=3.72, with 5.0 as most benificial). 6. Knowledge levels about exercise were realatively high(mean=3.97, with 5.0 as most knowledgeable). 7. The levels of perceived athletic ability were in intermediate range(mean=3.01, with 5.0 as highest score). 8. The levels of attitudes toward physical education were in the intermediate range(mean=3.29, with 5.0 as most favorable). 9. Among the general characteristic variables, sex, interest sports activities were related to the difference of exercise intent levels. 10. Of the predictor variables analyzed, self - esteem, perceived benifit of exercise, perceived athletic ability, knowledge about exercise and attitude about physical education correlated significantly and positively with exercise intent. Correlations of predictors with current exercise behavior were similiar to exercise intent, exept knowledge about exercise. 11. The stepwise multiple regression analysis shows findings as follows: 1) The most important factor to explain the difference of exercise intent was current exercise behavior. 2) The most improtant factor to explain the difference of current exercise behavior was perceived athletic ability.

• Journal of Korean Medical Ki-Gong Academy
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.85-103
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• 2020

Objective : A common treatment for hypothyroidism is to supplement the deficient hormones. However, taking hormone medication does not improve clinical symptoms or side effects, so it is necessary to develop other improved treatments. The purpose of this study is to report that the Korean medicine treatment along with Whidam's Gokgol(CV2) Sugi therapy has improved symptoms of hypothyroidism and related the level of TSH, free T4 after halting the use of levothyroxine. Methods : We employed Korean medicine treatment; herbal-medication(延齡固本丹 and 加減平胃散), acupuncture, and cupping therapy, and so forth. At the same time, we treated the patient with Whidam's Sugi therapy(especially, Gokgol Sugi therapy). We treated the patient more than five times a week for the first month and treated more than three times a week for the next three months. Since then, we have treated the patient once or twice a week. The patient took a total of four blood tests during her treatment in 2012 and 2017. Results : 1. Both TSH and free T4 levels and clinical symptoms were normalized for patient with hypothyroidism who stopped taking levothyroxine by treating the patient with Korean medicine treatment and Whidam's Sugi therapy. 2. The combination of Korean medicine treatment and Whidam's Sugi therapy was also used in the case of subclinical hypothyroidism patient. 3. The combination of Korean medicine treatment and Whidam's Sugi therapy for hypothyroidism lasted for five years, not just for a short period of time. Conclusions : The combination of Korean medicine treatment and Whidam's Sugi therapy(especially, Gokgol Sugi therapy) was effective in the treatment of hypothyroidism and it helped to normalize the level of TSH, free T4. It is hoped that further clinical research will continue in the future so that it can be used not only for hypothyroidism but also for other endocrine diseases.

• Korean Journal of Exercise Nutrition
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.163-171
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• 2011

The effects of a high-fat diet and fasting on resting energy expenditure and energy substrate utilization were examined using the method of measuring whole body energy metabolism and oxygen uptake. Eight 4-week old male Sprague-Dawley rats were used for the high-fat diet experiment. Energy metabolism was measured using acrylic metabolic chambers over 24 hours. After 1-week of preliminary feeding, 4 rats were fed a chow diet, whereas the remaining 4 rats were fed a high-fat diet (HF) ad libitum, which contained 40% (w/w, calorie base 60%) more fat than that in the chow diet. The flow rate to measure energy metabolism inside the chamber was controlled at a mean of 3.5 L/min, and five chambers were subjected to measurement. One of the five chambers was used to correct errors by measuring the atmosphere. As a result of 5 weeks of control diet and high-fat diet feeding, body weight of the high-fat diet group tended to increase more than that in the control diet fed group, but the difference was not significant. Oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide production changed as time went on over the 24 hr. The respiratory exchange ratio also changed during the 24 hr, and the difference between the groups was significant. The control group showed significantly more carbohydrate oxidation than that of the high-fat diet fed group. A fasting experiment was conducted using six 7-week old Sprague-Dawley male rats. Energy metabolism measurements were performed using the same method as that used in the high-fat diet experiment; resting metabolism was measured prior to fasting, and a fasting condition began from 9:00 am the next day for 3 days to calculate energy metabolism. Both body weight and 24-hour oxygen uptake decreased significantly as a result of 3-day fasting. Total oxygen uptake in the first day decreased, and declined significantly on day 3 of fasting. Total 24-hour carbon dioxide production decreased significantly over the 3 days. The mean 24-hour respiratory exchange ratio decreased significantly. Additionally, energy expenditure during the dark period (20:00-08:00), which is the active period for rats, decreased significantly with fasting, whereas energy expenditure during the light period (08:00-20:00) did not increase by fasting.

• PNF and Movement
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.345-356
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• 2023

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of physical therapy combined with a virtual reality (VR) game on pain, quality of life (QOL), engagement, and knee function in post-knee-surgery patients. Methods: Twenty-four patients who had undergone knee surgery four weeks or more before the study were recruited. Two withdrew from the study during the four-week experimental period, and a total of 22 patients were included in the final analysis. Routine physical therapy consisting of electrostimulation (10 min.) and therapeutic massage (10 min.) was the base intervention for all groups. The experimental group (n = 10) was additionally exposed to a VR game intervention, while the control group (n = 12) underwent an intervention involving similar motions as the experimental intervention but with no VR. The intervention for the experimental group used the game Rig Fit Adventure on Nintendo switch. Both groups underwent their respective interventions 3 times a week (35 min. per session) for 4 weeks. Pain was assessed using the numeric rating scale (NRS), and QOL was assessed using the EuroQol five-dimensional five-level questionnaire (EQ-5D-5L). Engagement was assessed using the Korea flow state scale (K-FSS). Finally, knee movement and function were assessed based on knee flexion and extension, range of motion (ROM), and Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index (WOMAC). Results: After the four-week physical therapy, both groups showed significant reductions in pain (on the NRS), increased knee ROM (flexion), better WOMAC scores, and increased EQ-5D-5L scores (p < 0.05), with the experimental group showing significantly better improvements in EQ-5D-5L and K-FSS scores (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The results of this study confirm that a VR-game-integrated intervention is effective for improving pain, QOL, engagement, and knee function in post-knee surgery patients and that VR-game-integrated interventions could be therapeutic alternatives for patients bedridden for prolonged periods with little motivation for rehabilitation.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.22 no.10
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• pp.1407-1413
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• 2009

An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation of feather meal (FM) on the performance of pigs and taurine content in pork. A total of 135 cross-bred (L${\times}$Y${\times}$D) pigs, weighing an average 46 kg, were assigned to five dietary treatments; Control, 3% FM supplemented diet (3% FM), 3% FM and 10 ppm pyridoxin supplemented diet (3% FMpyridoxin), 6% FM supplemented diet (6% FM) and 6% FM and 10 ppm pyridoxine supplemented diet (6% FM-pyridoxin). Each treatment had 3 replications of 9 pigs (4 gilts and 5 barrows) each. Pigs were fed for 11 weeks under a phase feeding program which consisted of grower (0-3 week), grow-finisher (4-8 week) and finisher (9-11 week) periods. During the whole feeding period, ADG and ADFI of pigs fed FM treatments tended to increase in general compared to the control. Feed conversion ratio (feed/gain) of the control was significantly (p<0.05) lower than FM treatments. Taurine content of the control was highest in heart muscle (1,393.8 ppm) followed by liver (647.3 ppm), tenderloin (601.2 ppm), ham (462.4 ppm) and loin (375.8 ppm). Taurine contents of heart, tenderloin, ham and loin were significantly (p<0.05) increased by FM treatments. Taurine content was highest in the 6% FM-pyridoxin treatment. Taurine content of heart, tenderloin, ham and loin on 6% FM-pyridoxin supplementation were increased by 91%, 23%, 27% and 29%, respectively, compared with the control. Sensory tests of the pork showed that there was no consistent response among the treatments. In conclusion, supplementation of FM and pyridoxin to a pig diet can increase taurine content of the pork.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.13 no.1_2
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• pp.23-27
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• 1997

This study was performed to examine the anti-cancer effect of Red Ginseng in the DENGalN-PH-induced hepatic tumor model system in rats. One hundred of male SPF Sprague-Dawley rats(6weeks old) were randomly divided into five groups. Rats in groups 1, 2, 3, and 4 were administered to diethylnitrosamine intraperitoneally 200 mg/kg body weight for the caner initiation. Rats in group 5 were given to saline as a control. On two weeks after cancer initiation, rats in groups 1 and 3 were fed on diet containing 0.01% of acethylaminofiuorene(AAF) which is strong cancer-promotor for 6 weeks, while rats in groups 2 and 4 were fed on water containing 0.05% of phenobarbital which is weak cancer.promotor for 6 weeks. Rats in groups 1 and 2 were treated with diet containing 3% of Red Ginseng for six weeks(from 9th week till 15th week after cancer initiation). Rats in all groups were necropsied time-sequencially at 8, 15, and 36 weeks. The hepatic lesions of rat treated with carcinogens expressed glutathione S-transferase placental form(GST-P) at 8 week. The GST-P positive foci of rats treated with AAF were larger than that of any other rats, while the GST-P positive foci of rats treated with AAF and red ginseng were significantly decreased. This anti-cancer effect of Red ginseng might be involved in the enhacement of natural killer cell activity. To know whether there is direct relationship between Red Ginseng and natural killer cell activity, the activity of natural killer cell was examined after treatment AAF, AAF+Red ginseng and Red ginseng only, respectively. Comparing with natural killer cell activity in AAF-treated group, natural killer cell activity was significantly activated in AAF+ Red ginseng-treated group. This indicated that Red ginseng might enhance natural killer activity after treatment carcinogen in rats. These results suggested that Red ginseng might have a cancer prevention ability by promoting natural killer cell activity during hepatocarclnogenesis.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.179-186
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• 1990

This study was performed for assessing carcinogenicity of several synthetic hormones; Diethylstilbesterol (DES), 17-ethinylestradiol ($EE_2$) and Bovine somatotrophin (BST). Six weeks old F344 rats were divided into five groups and given an intraperitoneally injection of 200 mg of diethylnitrosamine (DENA). At two week after beginnig of experiment, DES, $EE_2$, BST. Phenobarbital were administered to group 1, 2, 3 and 4 respectively, group 4 is positive control and group 5 is negative control. At the same time, all groups received a single i.p. injection of D-galactosamine at a dose of 300 mg/kg and underwent 2/3 partial hepatectomy at week 5. All rats were sacrificed at the end of week 8 for assessment of liver lesion development. The liver was processed for immunohistochmical staining for GST-P and quantitatively analyzed by image analyzer. It was concluded that two synthetic estrogen hormones (DES, $EE_2$) was different significantly (p < 0.01) but BST was not different as compared with control group. Therefore, we thought that DES, $EE_2$ was promoting effects and BST was not in rat hepatocarcinogenesis.