• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.10-23
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• 2000

Four-constitutional theory proposed by Dr. Lee, Je-ma has been evolve for last 100years by his followers. One of the major progresses was the emergence of constitutional acupuncture proposed by Dr. Kwan Doh-won. Constitutional acupuncture included the new pulse diagnostic method to determine the body type, pulse diagrams and corresponding acupuncture method called five element acupuncture in which five-element points in 12 meridian channels are used. Dr. Sa-ahm proposed five-element acupuncture three and a half hundred years age. Conjunction of Dr Lee's theory to Dr. Kwan proposed eight constitutions with eight pulse diagrams. He also adopted eight acupuncture prescriptions out of twenty-four Sa-ahm's acupuncture prescriptions. The author, Dr. Yom Tae-hwa, proposed more inclusive theory of 24 constitutions with 24 diagnostic pulse diagrams in Las Vegas International Acupuncture Convention in 1986. This article reviews history of constitutional medicine briefly. Each step of theoretical evolution from four-constitutional theory to twenty-four-constitutional theory is explained. By understanding the theoretical connection between twelve meridian channels based on five-element theory and four-constitutional theory in the article, one will easily accept the emergence of twelve of twenty four constitutional theory. Next, the article is focused on four subcategories under Sao-Yin constitution, which are one-sixth of 24 constitution. in this section classification, pulse diagnostic method, pulse diagram acupuncture prescriptions and herbal prescriptions are explained in detail. Then, clinical trial reports of acupuncture treatment and/or herbal formulas for such constitutions are attached for the rest part of the article. the purpose of this paper is to present the new hypothesis with the result of preliminary clinical trial hoping that additional clinical reports from other practitioners in this field triggers well-designed clinical study in future.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.39-47
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• 2017

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to investigate the Sasang Constitution character strength of university students. Methods: One hundred fifty students of Woosuk University participated in this study. Their majors were Korean medicine, nursing science, and pharmacy. Their Sasang Constitutional types were determined using the results of a Two Step Questionnaire for Sasang Constitution Diagnosis (TS-QSCD). The subjects were also tested by a Characteristic Strength Test (CST). The Character Strength test scores were compared to the different Sasang Constitutions using analysis of variances (ANOVA). Also, the five Signature Strengths presented to the subjects were measured as a percentage within Sasang Constitution Groups, and compared to the different Sasang Constitutions. Results and Conclusions: 1. In CST score: Soyangin were significantly higher than Taeeumin in creativity, curiosity, love, social intelligence, vitality, leadership, appreciation of beauty and excellence, and humor. Also, Soyangin was significantly higher than Soeumin in wisdom, kindness, bravery, and authenticity. 2. In CST score: Taeeumin were significantly higher than Soyangin in modesty. Taeeumin and Soeumin were significantly higher than Soyangin in prudence. 3. In the five signature strength analysis: Extrovert character strengths such as curiosity, vitality, social intelligence, bravery, and leadership, were higher in Soyangin. On the other hand, Introvert character strengths such as modesty, prudence, and self-regulation, were higher in Taeeumin and Soeumin. 4. In the five signature strength analysis: The signature strengths of Soyangin and Soeumin indicated a biased distribution. The signature strengths of Taeeumin indicated an even distribution.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.6 no.6
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• pp.78-88
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• 2002

The purpose of this study is to provide for some basic data useful to production of the apparels fit and measured well for the Chinese men. For this purpose, 389 men aged between 20 and 49 and living in Beijing and Shanghai, China were sampled to be measured for their constitutions. Then, their constitutions were classified and thereupon, according to the Men's Wear Specifications (GB/T 1335.1-1997), National Standards of People's Republic of China. The collected data were statistically processed using SAS 6.12 for technical statistical analysis, correlation analysis, factor analysis, group-wise analysis. The results of this study can be summarized as follows; 1. As a result of the factor analysis aiming to determine Chinese men's constitutional components, five components could be identified: constitutional obesity, lateral body size, longitudinal body size, shoulder and back width, and shoulder drooping. 2. As a result of classifying Chinese men's constitutions according to drop measurements, four types could be identified. Y type had the lowest obesity and the highest longitudinal body size. A type had a lower obesity and had an average longitudinal body size. B Type had the second highest obesity, the smallest longitudinal body size and shoulders/back width. C Type had the highest obesity, upper body length and shoulders/back width. 3. In terms of distribution, 'B' type (39.10%) of the sample, followed by 'A' type (29.26%), 'C' type (19.95%) and 'Y' type (11.70%). In all, the results of this study suggests that 'B' type represents the Chinese men in contrast with GB specifying that 'A' type represents the Chinese men. On the other hand, Beijing region was dominated most by 'B' type (37.06%), followed by 'A' type (28.82%), 'C' type (22.35%) and 'Y' type (11.76%), while Shanghai region was dominated most by 'B' type (41.13%), followed by 'A' type (31.21%), 'C' type (19.15%) and 'Y' type (8.51%).

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.117-126
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• 1974

The amylase isozyme of the five strains of D. melanogaster in Korea(Yusu, Choongju, Jeju, Sinchon III and Sinchon IV) was examined by the polyacrylamide thin layer gel electrophoresis and the results obtained are presented below: 1. The most strains except the Sinchon IV show only one band $(Amy^1)$ in the zymograms. This implies that those strains may be homogeneous for amylase constitutions. 2. The Sinchon IV strain exhibits varisble band patterns (mostly $Amy^1,2$ and $Amy^1,4$) suggesting that this strain may be of heterogeneous amylase constitutions. 3. The $Amy^1$ strain may be the commonest one in the Korean D. melanogaster populations as in other countries. 4. The results of hybridization studies are hard to interpret. 5. Further studies will be extended to many other strains from various localities of Korea.

• The Journal of the Society of Korean Medicine Diagnostics
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.44-56
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• 2010

Objective : To characterize Five Woons of Asian women who live at Los Angeles area in U.S.A Methods : A set of physical tests and diagnostic questions were given to 242 Asian female subjects who were treated for their symptoms at a clinic of Asian medicine near Los Angeles in USA. The participants were given their constitutions, one of the Five Woons based on their birthdays. The physical tests included a body composition via Inbody 4.0 and an autonomic bioelectric response record via ABR2000. The oneway analysis of variance was applied to compare the means of the Five Woons and the physical test results. The Cross tabulation analysis was also applied to look for the effectiveness of Five Woons on the symptoms. Results : 1. In the body composition items, the LSD(least significant difference) showed that there were significant differences between the Soil Woon and the other Four Woons which are Water, Metal, Fire and Wood Woons in weight, fat, body fat %, BMI (p<0.2). 2. Based on the LSD, significant differences were observed among the Five Woons in R5, R6 and R7(p<0.2). 3. The cross tabulation analysis showed the significant effectiveness of the Five Woons on the five symptoms including dizziness, hot and cold, lower body edema, fatigue and to take a medication for high blood pressure out of 24 diagnostic questions (p<0.2). Conclusions : Further clinical research is necessary to develop a more delicate questionnaire and look for ways of characterizing the Five Woons. The diagnosis and corresponding treatment based on the Five Woons should be further studied in view of the Oriental medicine.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.63-78
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• 2008

In Korean Traditional Medicine(K.T.M.)'s theory, there are some important constitutions which constitute the human being. They are Jeong(精), Gi(氣), Sin(神), and Hyeol(血). Jeong(精) is the essential substances which constituting human body and maintaining life's activities. Gi(氣) is the vital energyor functional activities of human body. Sin(神) is a kind of Gi(氣) which is related to mentality, consciousness and thinking. Hyeol(血) is the red fluid circulating through the blood vessels and nourishing the body tissues. When a man is born, he takes Jeong(精) from his father, and Hyeol(血) from his mother. So father' s Jeong(精) and mother' s Hyeol(血) became the source of their children's Jeong(精), Gi(氣), Sin(神), Hyeol(血). But after be borning, man need to make Jeong(精), Gi(氣), Sin(神), Hyeol(血) by himself from Foods and drinks[水穀]. This thesis was written to explain a process or a system how the Foods and drinks[水穀] change to human's Jeong(精), Gi( 氣), Sin(神), Hyeol(血). When the food and drink[水穀] put in human's mouth, Five Bu[五腑] primarily digest and change to food and drink[水穀]'s Essence and nutrients which is similar to chyme or chyle[乳廳]. Secondarily, Five Jang[五臟] make Gi(氣), Jinaek(津液) - the body fluid, Jeong(精), Wigi(衛氣) - the defensive Gi, and Yeonggi(營氣) - the nutrient Gi circulating the Meridians, and Hyeol(血) from that food and drink [水穀]'s Essence and nutrients. And the information of every processing is reflected in urine. 50 the digestion is accomplished at not only Five Bu[五腑] but also five Jang[五臟]. The concept of digestion in this thesis is including both catabolim[異化作用] and anabolism [同化作用]. Samcho(三焦) is the recognition to the process of this digestion - ctabolism and anabolism in three part.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.441-452
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• 2000

This study was a descriptive research to investigate the health promotion behavior and health status based on Korean adult's constitution. The subjects for the study were 96 adults who were the residents either in Seoul or Taegu city. The instruments used for this study included a survey of general characteristics, health promotion behavior and health status. The data were analyzed using t-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficient and Scheffe method as post hoc test. The results of this study were summarized as follows : 1) There was no significant difference on the health promotion behavior and health status by constitutions. But, in the relationship between five factors of the health promotion behavior and constitution, there was significant difference on health responsibility by constitutions(F=3.31. P=.041). According to the scheffe test, Taeumin group performed better behavior for the health promotion than soyangin group. 2) Health promotion behavior was significantly related to health status (r=-.24, P=.025), suggesting that the person with high health promotion behavior get higher health status scores. 3) In the relationship between general characteristics variables and health promotion behavior, there were significant differences in education(F=3.12, P=.031), economic status(F=4.09, P=.021), religion (F=3.12, P=.031). The level of health promotion behavior of high educated persons and high economic status persons was high. The persons who believe in Catholicism performed better behavior for the health promotion than the persons who don't get religion. Based on these results, to determining and fully understanding client's constitution are the foundations of Eum-Yang and personal character. Therefore, we have to consider the constitution when we provide nursing care. When we consider the differences of health promotion behavior according to constitution, we can provide the client with the kind of nursing care and health education to satisfy their demands.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.29-35
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• 2003

In the oriental medicine, the illness of a human being is treated properly according to the strength and weakness of his/her physical constitution. In other words, the treatment principle of the oriental medicine is to balance the functions of the weak and strong inner parts of the physical constitution which can be classified into five characteristic elements: that is, the wood, fire, earth, mental, and water. An aroma therapy, one of traditional oriental medicine, uses pertinent perfumes to strengthen weak inner parts of the body, too. Although the remedy based on the five elements (in short, five element remedy) has revealed excellent clinical effects so far, it is still believed that the remedy is rather statistical and subjective than scientific. Thus, more systematic research needs to be done to prove it. In this paper, the correlation between perfume and physical constitutions has been formulated by grasping results of EEG through stimulation of lavender oil to both mental-type and fire-type persons. Also, the possibility of application for the five element remedy has been investigated. As a result, we found that the lavender oil helped to make strong gallbladder soften for fire-type individuals and to balance weak liver and strong gallbladder for mental-type persons. This agrees well with the results of the five element remedy practiced in the oriental medicine.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.157-165
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• 2002

Genetic variations of seven egg white protein loci in 1,112 samples from eight Asian countries (Yunnan province of China, Mongolia, Nepal, Vietnam, Laos, Thailand, Myanmar, Indonesia) and 360 samples from two improved breeds (Isa Brown, Boris Brown) were investigated by using starch gel and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Five egg white protein loci (Ov, $G_3$, $G_2$, $G_1$ and $Tf_{EW}$) were found to be polymorphic in Asian native chicken populations. The proportion of polymorphic loci ($P_{poly}$) and average heterozygosity ($\bar{H}$) of Asian native populations varied from 0.143 to 0.714 and 0.014 to 0.225, respectively, and were higher than those of improved breeds. The subdivision index ($G_{ST}$) value among 18 native chicken populations in Asia is lower (0.0827) than among improved chicken populations (0.1693). This value means that the degree of subdivision among Asian native populations is lower than among improved breeds and gene constitutions among populations in Asia are similar.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.73-81
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• 2007

1. Objectives This study was to investigate correlation between the diagnosis of Sasang Constitutional Medicine(SCM) and the differentiation of syndromes according to the state of Qi, Blood, Body Fluid, Phlegm retention and the five viscera in storke inpatients. 2. Methods Stroke inpatients were investigated through questionaire of differentiation of syndromes and QSCC2. The results were analyzed statistically by one-way ANOVA on SPSS 12. 3. Results and Conclusions 1) Soeumin had a high grade on Qi-insufficiency than other consititutions. 2) Soyangin had a low grade on Qi-insufficiency, spleen disease than other consititutions. 3) There were not significant results in the investigation item of the sweating, constipation, diarrhea, anorexia, abdominal pain among the constitutions.