• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.120-124
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• 2007

천연 항산화제로 사용되는 토코페롤은 가열 온도가 높을수록, 가열 시간이 길수록 토코페롤의 분해율이 증가하였으며, 무산소 가열의 경우, 토코페롤은 산소가 있을 때 보다 덜 분해되었다. 알파-, 감마-. 델타- 토코페롤의 무산소 가열 조건을 만들기 위하여 $100{\sim}250^{\circ}C$에서 5${\sim}$60분 가열하는 동안 회화로 속으로 질소를 계속 흘려보내는 실험 방법을 사용하였다. 헥산으로 추출한 토코페롤은 두 종류의 용출 용매와 역상 ${\mu}$-Bondapak C$_{18}$-컬럼을 사용한 HPLC로 분리하였고 토코페롤의 분해 패턴과 잔존량을 조사하였다. 토코페롤의 열분해 키네틱스는 온도와 시간의 함수로 분석되었고 열분해 패턴은 1차 반응으로 나타났다. 무산소 가열시 알파-, 감마-, 델타-토코페롤의 열분해 활성화 에너지는 각각 3.47, 5.85 그리고 6.76 kcal/mole 이었다.

• Membrane and Water Treatment
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.95-104
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• 2018

Copper pollution around the world has caused serious public health problems recently. The heavy metal adsorption on traditional membranes from wastewater is limited by material properties. Different adsorptive materials are embedded in the membrane matrix and act as the adsorbent for the heavy metal. The carbonized leaf powder has been proven as an effective adsorbent material in removing aqueous Cu(II) because of its relative high specific surface area and inherent beneficial groups such as amine, carboxyl and phosphate after carbonization process. Factors affecting the adsorption of Cu(II) include: adsorbent dosage, initial Cu(II) concentration, solution pH, temperature and duration. The kinetics data fit well with the pseudo-first order kinetics and the pseudo-second order kinetics model. The thermodynamic behavior reveals the endothermic and spontaneous nature of the adsorption. The adsorption isotherm curve fits Sips model well, and the adsorption capacity was determined at 61.77 mg/g. Based on D-R model, the adsorption was predominated by the form of physical adsorption under lower temperatures, while the increased temperature motivated the form of chemical adsorption such as ion-exchange reaction. According to the analysis towards the mechanism, the chemical adsorption process occurs mainly among amine, carbonate, phosphate and copper ions or other surface adsorption. This hypothesis is confirmed by FT-IR test and XRD spectra as well as the predicted parameters calculated based on D-R model.

• 대한화학회지
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.102-108
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• 1984

$ZnCe_{1+y}O_2$상에서 CO산화반응 속도가 $300{\sim}500^{\circ}C$영역에서 측정되었다. 산화반응 속도는 CO에 1차 O2에 0.5차를 나타내는 속도식에 따랐으며 격자점의 산소와 Zn 도프에 기인되어 생성된 Vo-2e' 결함이 CO 및 O2의 활성화 sites로 작용되었다. 전기전도도 데이타와 rate law로 부터 산화반응 메카니즘이 규명되었으며 율속과정이 제안되었다

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.411-419
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• 2002

In this study, the series of ultrasonic irradiation for removal of refractory aromatic compounds has been selected as a model reaction in the batch reactor system in order to obtain the reaction kinetics. The products obtained from the ultrasonic irradiation were analysed by GC and GC/MSD. The decomposition of benzene produced toluene, phenol, and C1-C4 compounds, while the intermediates during the ultrasonic irradiation of 2,4-Dichlorophenol(DCP) were phenol, HCl, catechol, hydroquinone, and benzoquinone. It was found that more than 80% of benzene, and 2,4-DCP solutions were removed within 2 hours in all reaction conditions. The reaction order in the degradation of these three compounds was verified as pseudo-zero or first order. From the fore-mentioned results, it can be concluded that the refractory organic compounds could be removed by the ultrasonic irradiation with radicals, such as $H{\cdot}$ and $OH{\cdot}$ radical causing the high increase of pressure and temperature. Finally, it appeared that the technology using ultrasonic irradiation can be applied to the treatment of refractory compounds which are difficult to be decomposed by the conventional methods.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제26권10호
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• pp.880-885
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• 2003

Research in this paper focuses on the kinetic evaluation of swelling of the liquid crystalline phases of glyceryl monooleate (GMO). Swelling of the lamellar and cubic liquid crystalline phases of GMO was studied using two in vitro methods, a total immersion method and a Franz cell method. The swelling of the lamellar phase and GMO having 0 %w/w initial water content was temperature dependent. The swelling ratio was greater at $20^{\circ}^C than 37^{\circ}^C$ . The water uptake increased dramatically with decreasing initial water content of the liquid crystalline phases. The swelling rates obtained using the Franz cell method with a moist nylon membrane to mimic buccal drug delivery situation were slower than the total immersion method. The swelling was studied by employing first-order and second-order swelling kinetics. The swelling of the liquid crystalline phases of GMO could be described by second-order swelling kinetics. The initial stage of the swelling (t < 4 h) followed the square root of time relationship, indicating that this model is also suitable for describing the water uptake by the liquid crystalline matrices. These results obtained from the current study demonstrate that the swelling strongly depends on temperature, the initial water content of the liquid crystalline phases and the methodology employed for measuring the swelling of GMO.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제33권11호
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• pp.3539-3543
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• 2012

Butacaine sulfate is an ester of p-aminobenzoic acid which has been widely used as a local anaesthetic and it is a long standing agent particularly for spinal anaesthesia. For this reason, a kinetic study of oxidation of butacaine sulfate by sodium N-chlorobenzenesulfonamide (chloramine-B or CAB) has been carried out in $HClO_4$ medium at 303 K in order to explore this redox system mechanistic chemistry. The rate shows a first-order dependence on both $[CAB]_o$, and $[substrate]_o$, and a fractional-order dependence on acid concentration. Decrease of dielectric constant of the medium, by adding methanol, increases the rate of the reaction. Variation of ionic strength and addition of benzenesulfonamide or NaCl have no significant effect on the rate. The reaction was studied at different temperatures and the activation parameters have been evaluated. The stoichiometry of the reaction has been found to be 1:2 and the oxidation products have been identified by spectral analysis. The observed results have been explained by plausible mechanism and the related rate law has been deduced.

• 대한화학회지
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.19-28
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• 1990

니트로벤젠 용액 중에서 삼염화안티몬과 염화벤질, 염화-$\alpha$-페닐에틸, 염화디페닐메틸 등의 유기염소화합물 사이의 염소 교환반응에 관한 반응속도론적 연구를 수행하였다. 연구결과 이들 염소교환 반응속도는 삼염화안티몬에 관하여 2차이고 유기염화물에 관하여 1차인 반응속도식을 따르며, Rate = $k_3[SbCl_3]^2$ [Org-Cl] 삼염화안티몬과 유기염화물 사이의 염소 교환반응 속도상수는 유기염화물에 따라 다음과 같은 순서로 증가함을 알았다. 염화벤질 < 염화-$\alpha$-페닐에틸 < 염화디페닐메틸 그리고 이들 염소 교환반응에 관한 메카니즘도 제시하였다.

• Carbon letters
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.199-206
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• 2007

The activated carbon produced from rubber wood sawdust by chemical activation using phosphoric acid have been utilized as an adsorbent for the removal of Cu(II) from aqueous solution in the concentration range 5-40 mg/l. Adsorption experiments were carried out in a batch process and various experimental parameters such as effect of contact time, initial copper ion concentration, carbon dosage, and pH on percentage removal have been studied. Adsorption results obtained for activated carbon from rubber wood sawdust were compared with the results of commercial activated carbon (CAC). The adsorption on activated carbon samples increased with contact time and attained maximum value at 3 h for CAC and 4 h for PAC. The adsorption results show that the copper uptake increased with increasing pH, the optimum efficiency being attained at pH 6. The precipitation of copper hydroxide occurred when pH of the adsorbate solution was greater than 6. The equilibrium data were fitted using Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherm equation. The kinetics of sorption of the copper ion has been analyzed by two kinetic models, namely, the pseudo first order and pseudo second order kinetic model. The adsorption constants and rate constants for the models have been determined. The process follows pseudo second order kinetics and the results indicated that the Langmuir model gave a better fit to the experimental data than the Freundlich model. It was concluded that activated carbon produced using phosphoric acid has higher adsorption capacity when compared to CAC.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제8권5호
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• pp.389-393
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• 1987

The oxidation of carbon monoxide by gaseous oxygen on 0.53, 1.02, and 1.51 mol $\%$CoO-doped $-Fe_2O_3$ catalysts has been investigated in the temperature range from 340 to 480$^{\circ}C$ under various CO and $O_2$ partial pressures. The oxidation rates have been correlated with 1.5-order kinetics; the 0.5-order with respect to $O_2$ and the first-order with respect to CO. In the above temperature range, the activation energy is 0.34 $\pm$ 0.01 eV${\cdot}$$mol^{-1}$. The electrical conductivity of 0.53, 1.02, and 1.51 mol %CoO-doped $\alpha$-$Fe_2O_3$ has been measured at 350$^{\circ}C$ under various $P_{CO}and $P_{O_2}$. From the conductivity data it was found that $O_2$ was adsorbed on Vo formed by doping with CoO, while CO appeared essentially to be chemisorbed on the lattice oxygen of the catalyst surface. The proposed oxidation mechanism and the dominant defect were supported by the agreement between the kinetic data and conductivities.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제13권5호
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• pp.511-516
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• 1992

The catalytic oxidation of CO on perovskite $Eu_{1-x}Sr_xCoO_{3-y}$, has been investigated at reaction temperatures from 100 to $250^{\circ}C$ under stoichiometric CO and $O_2$ partial pressures. The microstructure and Sr-substitution site of the catalyst were studied by means of infrared spectroscopy. The reaction rates were found to be correlated with 1.5-and 1.0-order kinetics with and without a $CO_2$ trap, respectively; first-and 0.5-order with respect to CO and 0.5-order to $O_2$ with the activation energy of 0.37 eV $mol^{-1}$. It was found from IR, ${\sigma}$ and kinetic data that $O_2$ adsorbs as an ionic species on the oxygen vacancies, while CO adsorbs on the lattice oxygens. The oxidation reaction mechanism is suggested from the agreement between IR, ${\sigma}$ and kinetic data.