• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.499-504
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic indicators which are used for the identification of fire-heat pattern in stroke patients. For evaluation of diagnostic indicator, we analyzed the indicators which are composed of symptoms and signs collected from stroke patients based on the clinical records using case report form (CRF). Patients had a first-ever stroke within 1 month after the onset of stroke. Pattern identification was performed and decided by two independent physicians. Two patient groups that consist of fire-heat pattern and the other patterns were compared to isolate important indicators affecting the fire-heat pattern identification of stroke patients. The 8 indicators among 16 fire-heat pattern indicators were significantly more frequent compared with non fire-heat pattern group. Logistic regression analysis revealed that 5 indicators among fire-heat indicators were significantly sensitive indicators being capable of identification of fire-heat pattern. But two of them was from the indicators of dampness-phlegm pattern and yin deficiency pattern. Therefore, further studies are required for the development of Korean standard indicators of Fire-heat pattern identification.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.428-437
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• 2013

Objectives : The aim of this study was to examine if there is a significant correlation between the changes of Fire- and Heat- related symptoms and motor function recovery in acute cerebral infarction patients. Methods : We studied inpatients within a month after the onset of cerebral infarction who were admitted at Kyunghee University Medical Center from May 2011 to January 2013. We executed correlation analysis between Fire-heat pattern score and motricity index score at visit 1 and visit 2, and checked if there was a significant correlation between the changes of Fire-heat pattern score and changes of motricity index score. Also, we compared the changes of both scores in patients taking Fire-heat and non Fire-heat pattern prescriptions. Results : There was a significant correlation between the Fire-heat pattern score and Motricity index score at visit 1 and visit 2, and changes of Fire-heat pattern score showed significant correlation with changes of motricity index score. Patients taking Fire-heat pattern prescriptions showed significant change in Fire-heat pattern score after herb-medication treatment while patients taking non-Fire-heat prescriptions showed insignificant change in Fire-heat pattern score. Conclusions : This study provides evidence that taking a Fire-heat pattern prescription could be considered as a first line herb-medication treatment in acute cerebral infarction patients.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.1368-1373
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• 2008

This study was done to calculate the specific indicators of Fire-Heat Pattern Identification and Yin Deficiency Pattern Identification settled by tentative Korean Standard Differentiation of the Symptoms and Signs for Stroke. The subjects were 764 hospitalized patients with stroke, and a list of registry was made for each of them. Frequency and Correlations among Fire-Heat and Yin Deficiency indicators were studied. Fire-Heat pattern group included 175 patients out of 764, Yin Deficiency pattern group included 103 patients out of 764. Among the indicators of Fire-Heat pattern, those, in order of highest frequency, were 'heat vexation and aversion to heat', 'reddened complexion', 'thirst'. Among the indicators of Yin Deficiency pattern, those, in order of highest frequency, were 'dry mouth', 'red tongue', 'fine and rapid pulse'. Among the Fire-Heat pattern indicators, 'yellow fur' and 'thirst', 'heat vexation in the chest' and 'vexation and insomnia' showed most significant correlation. Among the Yin Deficiency pattern indicators, 'aphtha or tongue sore' and 'heat in the palms and soles', 'red tongue' and 'dry fur' showed most significant correlation. 'Reddened complexion', 'dry eyes', 'surging and parid pulse', 'heat vexation and aversion to heat' are classify between Fire-Heat pattern and Yin Deficiency pattern. 'Surging and parid pulse', 'Reddened complexion' are mostly representative of Fire-Heat pattern and 'fine and rapid pulse' are mostly representative of Yin Deficiency pattern.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.697-701
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to fine proteins, which have significantly different level in plasma between Qi-deficiency and Fire-heat group of Korean Oriental Stroke pattern identification (PI) among Korean stroke patients. Eighteen stroke patients with Qi-deficiency and forty nine patients with Fire-heat, which had critical syndrome of each PI, were participated in this study. Plasma protein pattern were analyzed by SELDI-TOF MS using Q10 strong anion exchange chip and Mass spectral data (m/z) statistically determined. The expression level of proteins, which were different between Qi-deficiency and Fire-heat in the results by SELDI-TOF MS, were confirmed by western blot. As a result of analyzing plasma protein by SELDI-TOF MS, six protein peaks were significantly higher in Fire-heat group than Qi-deficiency group. Two peaks among of them, M15003 and M15745, were respectively identified as hemoglobin alpha and beta in previous study. Expression level of plasma free hemoglobin of Fire-heat group was also confirmed higher in Fire-heat group than in Qi-deficiency group. These findings suggest that plasma free hemoglobin is a candidate for discriminating Qi-deficiency and Fire-heat group according to pattern identification (PI) of stroke.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.318-326
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• 2013

This study was performed to investigate relationship between each pattern identification and heart rate variability(HRV) indices. We analyzed 201 subjects who participated in stroke check up. We classified the subjects into four groups of pattern identifications; Fire-Heat pattern(FH), Yin Deficiency pattern(YD), Qi Deficiency pattern(QD) and Dampness-Phlegm pattern(DP) that based on Korean Standard Pattern Identifications for Stroke-III. We investigated significance of HRV indices between each pattern identification and heart rate variability indices. The total number of the subject group was 201, whereas the groups were divided into four groups; Fire-Heat pattern group(n=47), Yin Deficiency pattern(n=65), Qi Deficiency pattern(n=33), and Dampness-Phlegm pattern(n=56). SDNN, TP, Ln(TP), VLF, Ln(VLF), LF, Ln(LF) and HF were significantly higher in the Fire-Heat pattern(FH) group than other groups of pattern identifications, but there was no differences among the Yin Deficiency group, the Qi Deficiency group and the Dampness-Phlegm group. Ln(HF), LF(NORM), HF(NORM) and LF/HF ratio were significantly higher in the Fire-Heat group than in the Qi Deficiency group. However, there was no significant differences among the Dampness-Phlegm group, the Yin Deficiency group, Fire-Heat group and the Qi Deficiency group. Through this study, we found out some significant relationships between each pattern identification group and HRV indices. The result of this study demonstrates that sympathetic nerve was more active in the Fire-Heat group than other groups.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.230-239
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• 2015

This study was performed to find a relationship between each pattern identification and vascular status using the second derivative of photoplethysmogram waveform(SDPTG) indices. We analyzed 200 subjects who participated in stroke preventive examination. We classified the subjects into four groups of pattern identifications; Fire-Heat pattern(火熱證; FH), Yin Deficiency pattern(陰虛證; YD), Qi Deficiency pattern(氣虛證; QD) and Dampness-Phlegm pattern(濕痰證; DP) that based on Korean Standard Pattern Identifications for Stroke-Ⅲ. We studied a relationship between each pattern identification and the SDPTG. The total number of the subject group was 200, whereas the groups were divided into four groups; Fire-Heat pattern group(n=49), Yin Deficiency pattern(n=57), Qi Deficiency pattern(n=45), and Dampness-Phlegm pattern(n=49). b/a ratio was related with age and systolic blood pressure, c/a ratio was associated with age, systolic blood pressure, fasting blood sugar and Total cholesterol, d/a ratio was affected with age, diastolic blood pressure, and hypertension, e/a ratio was related with age and sex and SDPTG AI was associated with age. c/a ratio and d/a ratio were significantly higher in the Fire-Heat group than in the Qi Deficiency group. SDPTG AI was significantly higher in the Qi Deficiency group than in the Fire-Heat group. The Qi Deficiency group was significantly older than the Fire-Heat group and the number of hypertension patients was significantly more in the Fire-Heat group than in the Qi Deficiency group. Through this study, we found out some significant relationships between each pattern identification group and the SDPTG indices.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.200-211
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• 2009

There are many reports about correlations between meteorological elements and stroke. In Oriental medicine, it is recognized that the weather affects the human body and diseases, but there are few studies about the correlation between meteorological elements and pattern identification of stroke. 105 stroke patients classified into fire-heat pattern or dampress-phlegm pattern were registered during the study period. We took the measurement of each meteorological element (atmospheric pressure, temperature, humidity, wind speed) according to pattern identification and analyzed pattern identification into two groups according to mean of each meteorological element during the study period. Mean temperature was higher with the heat-fire pattern than with the dampness-phlegm pattern. Heat-fire pattern also had higher frequency when temperature was higher than mean temperature. There was no correlation between atmospheric pressure, relative humidity, or wind speed and pattern identification.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.772-779
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• 2009

Object : In the present study, we investigated the obesity and blood parameters between Qi-deficiency and Fire/Heat pattern identification/syndrome differentiation (PI/SD) in acute stroke patients. Materials and Methods : A total of 391 stroke patients within 7 days after onset were consecutively recruited from 12 hospitals across South Korea from Nov. 1st, 2006 to Jun. 31st, 2009. They were diagnosed as Fire/Heat or Qi-deficiency among five PI/SD subtypes by two independent stroke experts. We investigated the differences of obesity and blood characteristics between Fire/Heat and Qi-deficiency by statistical analyses. Results : In male subjects, obesity was significantly associated with Fire/Heat PI/SD. The averaged mean BMI ($24.13kg/m^2$) and waist circumference(89.34cm) of the Fire/Heat group were higher than those of the Qi-deficiency group ($22.60kg/m^2$ and 83.43 cm, respectively). The number of obese patients was larger in the Fire/Heat group than in the Qi-deficiency group (p = 0.001). Hyperlipidemia was also related with Fire/Heat. However, obesity was not associated with PI/SD in female subjects where the number of hyperlipidemic patients was higher in the Qi-deficiency group. Among blood parameters, the levels of triglycerides and fasting blood sugar were higher in the Fire/Heat group compared with the Qi-deficiency group in male subjects. However, total cholesterol of the Qi-deficiency group was higher than in the Fire/Heat group among female subjects. Conclusion : This study shows that obesity and hyperlipidemia are significantly difference between Qi-deficiency and Fire/Heat. We suggests that PI/SD may be associated with clinical characteristics and large population study between PI/SD and clinical characteristics including blood parameters are needed.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.727-736
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• 2010

This study is about researching mechanistic pattern identification of disease for DongEuiBoGam NaeGyungPyen by analysing with pattern identification of modern Traditional Korean medical patholgy as more logical, systematic and standardized theory. Disease pattern mechanisms of uterine, urine and excrements parts of DongEuiBoGam NaeGyun gPyen in NaeGyungPyen of DongEuiBoGam are these. Menstrual irregularities in DongEuiBoGam can be classified flui d-humor depletion, blood deficiency, qi deficiency, qi stagnation, qi stagnation complicated by heat, blood stasis, blood deficiency complicated by heat, syndrome of heat entering blood chamber, syndrome of cold entering blood chamber. The disease pattern of abdominal pain after menstruation in DongEuiBoGam is blood deficiency complicated by heat, and a dysmenorrhea represents blood stasis with heat, fluid-humor deficiency. Advanced menstruation represent dual heat of the qi and blood, delayed menstruation is blood deficiency. The disease pattern of inhibited urination in DongEuiBoGam can be classified deficiency heat pattern of kidney yin deficiency(yin deficiency with effulgent fire), kidney qi deficiency, yin deficiency with yang hyperactivity, fluid-humor depletion, spleen-stomach dual deficiency, and excess he at pattern of bladder excess heat. The disease pattern of urinary incontinence in DongEuiBoGam can be classified deficiency pattern of kidney-bladder qi deficiency, consumptive disease, lung qi deficiency, kidney yin deficiency(yin deficiency with effulgent fire), kidney yang deficiency and excess pattern of lower energizer blood amassment, bladder excess heat. And most of them are deficiency from deficiency-excess Pattern Identification. The disease pattern of diarrhea in DongEuiBoGam can be classified deficiency pattern of qi deficiency, qi fall, spleen yang deficiency, kidney yang deficiency and so on and excess pattern of wind-cold-summerheat-dampness-fire, phlegm-fluid retention, dietary irregularities, qi movement stagnation. And most of them are deficiency from deficiency-excess Pattern Identification. Like these, this study identify pattern of disease in DongEuiBoGam by mechanism of disease theory.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.1486-1490
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• 2009

To develop the diagnostic tool for Fire-heat pattern, we analyzed sensitivity and specificity of symptom signs to diagnose the Fire-heat pattern in stroke patients. Korean medicine doctor surveyed Fire-Heat of the symptoms for the Stroke(KSDS) case report form in stroke patients within 1 month of onset. The sensitivity of "more 1/5 in major sings and 2/11 in helpful sings", "more 2/5 in major sings and 2/11 in helpful sings", "more 3/5 in major sings and 2/11 in helpful sings", "more 1/5 in major sings and 3/11 in helpful sings" "more 2/5 in major sings and 3/11 in helpful sings" "more 3/5 in major sings and 3/11 in helpful sings" are respectively 93%, 59%, 33%, 80%, 53%, 32%. The specificity are respectively 93%, 59%, 33%, 80%, 53%, 32%. The sensitivity(59%) and specificity(80%) of "more 2/5 in major sings and 2/11 in helpful sings" that to be implanted.