• Journal of architectural history
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.37-52
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• 2012

This research has set up the fire fighting general index for Fire fighting of Crowded Wooden Building Cultural Asset which is composed of traditional wooden building instinct or complex. The results of this study are as follows. First, Fire fighting general index for crowded wooden building cultural asset, it is necessary to set fire fighting priority by considering fire risk and cultural asset characteristic and establish the system to cope with fire disaster in the most effective way by arranging facilities with restricted resource. Second, Fire risk is the index to draw fire and spread risk of cultural asset by applying index calculation processes such as fire load, burning velocity and ignition material spread characteristic to various aspects such as individual building and complex and combining their results. Cultural asset importance index consists of individual building evaluation, publicity security degree, area importance evaluation and historical landscape degree evaluation. Third, for each index combination process, weight of each index is drawn on the basis of AHP analysis result that is performed to the specialists of related fields. The formula to apply and combine it is prepared to apply the model to include meaning of each index and comparative importance degree.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.64-70
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• 2001

This study suggests fire, explosion safety assessment items and risk assessment technique for underground shopping malls by extracting dangerous elements in the management stage through examination of related accidents, documents and present conditions. This will also suggest importance of seven items to be key indices for a counterplan by classifying characteristics and trends of the large scale, depth and complexity of underground shopping malls.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry, and Cartography Conference
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• 2010.04a
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• pp.371-373
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• 2010

Gumi is surrounded by mountains and Provincial parks are located. A high risk of forest fires that cause the spread of damage effects, and is forecast to have forest fire prevention and Geumohsan Provincial Park to preserve the target Gumi analysis was likely to cause fires. Numerical analysis to the probability of fire, clinical way, even in land cover, using Arc Gis aspect, altitude, slope, watersheds, vegetation, soil characteristics were extracted. Logistic analysis to extract the data in pixels by dividing the number analysis of forest fire risk indices presented in Gumi.

• Journal of Cadastre & Land InformatiX
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.107-120
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• 2017

There are many wildfire risk indices worldwide, but objective comparisons between such various wildfire risk indices and surface dryness indices have not been conducted for the wildfire cases in Korea. This paper describes a sensitivity analysis on the wildfire risk indices and surface dryness indices for Korea using LDAPS(Local Analysis and Prediction System) meteorological dataset on a 1.5-km grid and MODIS(Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) satellite images on a 1-km grid. We analyzed the meteorology-based wildfire risk indices such as the Australian FFDI(forest fire danger index), the Canadian FFMC(fine fuel moisture code), the American HI(Haines index), and the academically presented MNI(modified Nesterov index). Also we examined the satellite-based surface dryness indices such as NDDI(normalized difference drought index) and TVDI(temperature vegetation dryness index). As a result of the comparisons between the six indices regarding 120 wildfire cases with the area damaged over 1ha during the period between January 2013 and May 2017, we found that the FFDI and FFMC showed a good predictability for most wildfire cases but the MNI and TVDI were not suitable for Korea. The NDDI can be used as a proxy parameter for wildfire risk because its average CDF(cumulative distribution function) scores were stably high irrespective of fire size. The indices tested in this paper should be carefully chosen and used in an integrated way so that they can contribute to wildfire forecasting in Korea.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.33-39
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• 2003

The purpose of this study is to evaluate flame retardant performance, thermal stability and toxicity of combustion gases for some commercial wallpapers. ID evaluate flame retardant performance 45 degree combustion experiment method was used and thermal stability was evaluated using DSC and TGA apparatus (OSC-50/Shimadzu, TGA2050/TA Instruments Inc) . Concentrations of CO, $CO_2$, HCN and HCI were measured with (GASTEC/Japan, MSA400 Gas Monitor/Infitron Inc) and toxicity indices using NIST N-Gas Model were applied to evaluate the toxicity of combustion gases. The evaluation produced the following results : First, paper cork and PVC wallpaper treated with flame retardants were found to be suitable for flame retardant performance standards. Second, paper, cork and PVC wallpaper non-treated with flame retardants were shown to be relatively more hazardous because they had greater calorific values and a faster decomposition time than the flame retardant treated wallpapers. Third, the toxicity indices of non-treated wallpapers were found to be higher than those of treated wallpapers, and the toxicity index of PVC wallpapers was higher than those of paper and cork wallpapers.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.222-234
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• 2021

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to examine the efficacy of fire needling and warm needling for De Quervain Syndrome by reviewing clinical studies for recent 10 years. Methods : Randomized controlled trials, non-randomized controlled trials, and case series containing more than 20 cases about fire needling and warm needling for De Quervain Syndrome published since 2011 were searched through four foreign online databases (CNKI, Pubmed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library) and five Korean online databases (OASIS, Science ON, DBPIA, KISS, RISS). The number and characteristics of participants, treatment points and main treatment methods involving other combination treatments, treatment cycle or total periods of treatments, evaluation indices, efficacy, and adverse events were analyzed. Risk of bias of included randomized clinical trials was assessed using a revised tool for assessing risk of bias in randomized trials (RoB 2). Results : A total of 6 randomized clinical trials and 2 case series involving 471 participants were included. Tender point or 'Ashi point' was the most commonly used treatment point, followed by LU4. Treatment frequency ranged from once a day to once a week. One to three outcome measures were used to evaluate the results of the studies, with the efficacy rate the most frequently used, followed by visual analogue scale. Overall risk of bias of all included randomized clinical trials was judged to have some concerns. Conclusions : All selected studies showed that fire needling and warm needling treatments for De Quervain syndrome were more effective than other clinical methods or acupuncture treatments. However, as the number of clinical studies is still too small and the risk of bias of the studies is not low, it is believed that more systematic and objective studies should be conducted.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas
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• v.5 no.2 s.14
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• pp.9-13
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• 2001

A complete spectrum of risk assessment including qualitative and quantitative approaches were performed for the POSCO's Batch Annealing Furnace (BAF) gas systems. The purpose of BAF is to enhance the quality of steel by annealing it with either hydrogen/nitrogen mixture gas or pure hydrogen gas. Number of gas leak scenarios were identified to generate frequency of their occurrences. With the hypothetical accident scenarios given, fire/explosion impact studies were performed to estimate magnitude of significant consequences. Several different indices were also presented from which practical safety improvement action items could be established.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.116-130
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• 2019

In South Korea, forest fire occurrences are increasing in size and duration due to various factors such as the increase in fuel materials and frequent drying conditions in forests. Therefore, it is necessary to minimize the damage caused by forest fires by appropriately providing the probability of forest fire risk. The purpose of this study is to improve the Daily Weather Index(DWI) provided by the current forest fire forecasting system in South Korea. A new Fire Risk Index(FRI) is proposed in this study, which is provided in a 5km grid through the synergistic use of numerical weather forecast data, satellite-based drought indices, and forest fire-prone areas. The FRI is calculated based on the product of the Fine Fuel Moisture Code(FFMC) optimized for Korea, an integrated drought index, and spatio-temporal weighting approaches. In order to improve the temporal accuracy of forest fire risk, monthly weights were applied based on the forest fire occurrences by month. Similarly, spatial weights were applied using the forest fire density information to improve the spatial accuracy of forest fire risk. In the time series analysis of the number of monthly forest fires and the FRI, the relationship between the two were well simulated. In addition, it was possible to provide more spatially detailed information on forest fire risk when using FRI in the 5km grid than DWI based on administrative units. The research findings from this study can help make appropriate decisions before and after forest fire occurrences.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.373-380
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• 2022

In this study, Chung's equations 1, 2, and 3 were extended to standardize smoke safety rating evaluation in case of fire, and Chung's equations-V, smoke performance index-V, and smoke growth index-V were calculated. Five types of wood were selected and their smoke indices were measured using the cone calorimeter method according to ISO 5660-1. The smoke risk was graded by the smoke risk index-VI according to Chung's equation-VI. Smoke risk index-VI increased in the order of PMMA (1) ≈ maple (1.01) < ash (1.57) < needle fir (4.98) < paulownia (46.15) < western red cedar (106.26). It was predicted that maple and ash had the lowest smoke risk, and paulownia and western red cedar had the highest. The five samples' CO mean production rate (COP_mean) was 0.0009~0.0024 g/s, indicating that these woods were incompletely burned than the polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) reference material. Regarding the smoke properties of the chosen woods, the smoke performance index-V (SPI-V) increased as the bulk density increased, and the smoke risk index-VI (SRI-VI) decreased.

• Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.64-77
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• 2015

An effective method for produce munitions effectiveness data is to calculate weapon effectiveness indices in the US military's Joint Munitions Effectiveness Manuals (JMEM) and take advantage of the damage evaluation model (GFSM) and weapon Effectiveness Evaluation Model (Matrix Evaluator). However, a study about the Range Safety that can be applied in the live firing exercises is very insufficient in the case of ROK military. The Range Safety program is an element of the US Army Safety Program, and is the program responsible for developing policies and guidance to ensure the safe operation of live-fire ranges. The methodology of Weapon Danger Zone (WDZ) program is based on a combination of weapon modeling/simulation data and actual impact data. Also, each WDZ incorporates a probability distribution function which provides the information necessary to perform a quantitative risk assessment to evaluate the relative risk of an identified profile. A study of method to establish for K-Range Safety data is to develop manuals (pamphlet) will be a standard to ensure the effective and safe fire training at the ROK military education and training and environmental conditions. For example, WDZs are generated with the WDZ tool as part of the RMTK (Range Managers Tool Kit) package. The WDZ tool is a Geographic Information System-based application that is available to operational planners and range safety manager of Army and Marine Corps in both desktop and web-based versions. K-Range Safety Program based on US data is reflected in the Korean terrain by operating environments and training doctrine etc, and the range safety data are made. Thus, verification process on modified variables data is required. K-Range Safety rather than being produced by a single program, is an package safety activities and measures through weapon danger zone tool, SRP (The Sustainable Range Program), manuals, doctrine, terrain, climate, military defence M&S, weapon system development/operational test evaluation and analysis to continuously improving range safety zone. Distribution of this K-range safety pamphlet is available to Army users in electronic media only and is intended for the standing army and army reserve. Also publication and distribution to authorized users for marine corps commands are indicated in the table of allowances for publications. Therefore, this study proposes an efficient K-Range Safety Manual producing to calculate the danger zones that can be applied to the ROK military's live fire training by introducing of US Army weapons danger zone program and Range Safety Manual