• Journal of Korean Society of Disaster and Security
• /
• v.16 no.2
• /
• pp.1-13
• /
• 2023

As interest in urban safety has increased since COVID-19, various institutions have developed and used indicators that evaluate the safety city model. Yongsan-gu was ranked No. 1 in 2021 by Social Safety Index evaluation and was selected as the safest city in Korea. However, the Itaewon disaster in Yongsan-gu in 2022 caused many casualties. The study of indicators for evaluating cities' safety was necessary. This study aims to examine domestic and foreign safe city models and review the differences between each model and the indicators used to evaluate safe cities. As a result of collecting 11 safe city models and analyzing each evaluation index, safe city models can be classified into program-based safe city models, such as the World Health Organization's International safe community and the UN Office for Disaster Risk Reduction's International Safe city. Considering the diversification of threats to safety, it is reasonable to comprehensively consider digital security, health safety, infrastructure safety, personal safety, environmental safety, traffic safety, fire safety, crime safety, life safety, suicide, and infectious diseases when evaluating safe cities as evaluation parameters.

• Clean Technology
• /
• v.26 no.3
• /
• pp.161-167
• /
• 2020

For the design of the prevention and mitigation measures in process industries involving flammable substances, reliable safety data are required. An important property used to estimate the risk of fire and explosion for a flammable liquid is the flash point. Flammability is an important factor to consider when developing safe methods for storing and handling solids and liquids. In this study, the flash point data were measured for the binary systems {2-butanol + 2,2,4-trimethylpentane}, {2-butanol + methylcyclohexane} and {2-butanol + toluene} at 101.3 kPa. Experiments were performed according to the standard test method (ASTM D 3278) using a Stanhope-Seta closed cup flash point tester. A minimum flash point behavior was observed in the binary systems as in the many cases for the hydrocarbon and alcohol mixture that were observed. The measured flash points were compared with the predicted values calculated via the following activity coefficient (GE) models: Wilson, Non-Random Two-Liquid (NRTL), and UNIversal QUAsiChemical (UNIQUAC) models. The predicted data were only adequate for the data determined by the closed-cup test method and may not be appropriate for the data obtained from the open-cup test method because of its deviation from the vapor liquid equilibrium. The predicted results of this work can be used to design safe petrochemical processes, such as the identification of safe storage conditions for non-ideal solutions containing flammable components.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
• /
• v.20 no.4
• /
• pp.590-596
• /
• 2019

Uses of fossil fuels like coal and oil increases with industrial development, and problems like abnormal climate come up as greenhouse gas increases. Accordingly, studies are actively conducted on eco-friendly renewable energy as a replacement for the main resources, and especially, wood pellets with high thermal efficiency are in the limelight as an alternative fuel in thermal power stations and gas boilers. However, despite a constant increase in their usage, few studies are conducted on their risks like fire and spontaneous combustion. Thus, this study found the auto-ignition temperature and critical ignition temperature of wood pellets with a change in flow rate in a thermostatic bath, using a sample vessel with 20 cm in length, 20 cm in height and 14 cm in thickness to predict their ignition characteristics. Consequently, at the flow rate of 0 NL/min, as the core temperature of the sample increased to higher than the ambient temperature, they ignited at $153^{\circ}C$, when the critical ignition temperature was $152.5^{\circ}C$. At the flow rates of 0.5 NL/min and 1.0 NL/min, it was $149.5^{\circ}C$, and at the flow rate of 1.5 NL/min, it was $147.5^{\circ}C$. Consequently, at the same storage, the more the flow rate, the lower the critical ignition temperature became.

• Fire Science and Engineering
• /
• v.33 no.4
• /
• pp.16-27
• /
• 2019

A burning test was conducted on the smoke and combustion gases generated from cypress wood treated with sodium silicate, 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane sol, 3-(2-aminoethylamino)propylmethyldimethoxysilane sol, and 3-(2-aminoethylamino) propyltrimethoxysilane sol. The silicone compound sol was applied to each of the cypress wood specimens three times with a brush. The smoke and combustion generation gas were analyzed using a cone calorimeter (ISO 5660-1) and the smoke was also evaluated by applying new smoke risk assessment method. The smoke performance index (SPI) of the cypress treated with silicone compound increased 1.66 to 8.42 times and the smoke growth index (SGI) was 11.8 to 88.2%, respectively. The smoke intensity (SI) is expected to be 1.0~50.5% lower than that of the base specimens, resulting in lower smoke and fire hazards. The third maximum carbon monoxide (CO_peak) concentration of the specimens treated with silicone compounds was 22.5~33.3% lower than that of the base specimens. On the other hand, it produced potentially fatal toxicity that was 1.48~1.72 times higher than the US Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) acceptance standard (PEL). Cypress wood itself produced a high carbon monoxide concentration, but the silicon compound played a role in reducing this level.

• Fire Science and Engineering
• /
• v.33 no.3
• /
• pp.63-73
• /
• 2019

This study examined the activity of the simulated training scenarios and special rescue crew assuming a chemical accident inside the building. To improve the response ability and safety of rescue personnel in the event of a chemical accident, a total of eight stages of simulated training scenarios were conducted and the activity was measured. As a result of the activity measurement according to the simulation training scenario, the average maximum heart rate of the rescuers was the highest at 177.50 ppm in the 4^th stage, and then 176.67 ppm for the 5^th step, 171.17 ppm for the 2^nd step, 169.33 ppm for the 3^rd step, 162.17 ppm for the 6^th step, 159.58 ppm for the 7^th step, 148.75 ppm for the 8^th step, and 139.33 ppm for the 1^st step. The mean maximum respiratory rate was the highest at 38.17 rpm in the 4^th stage, followed by 37.58 rpm in the 5^th stage, 32.00 rpm in the 6^th stage, 31.58 ppm in the 7^th stage, 31.33 rpm in the 3^rd stage, 31.08 rpm in the 2^nd stage, and 28.00 rpm in the 8^th stage. The 1^st stage was 22.67 rpm. In addition, body water reduction measurements were reduced by up to 0.7 g due to the training intensity.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
• /
• v.53 no.3
• /
• pp.287-296
• /
• 2020

Mine Reclamation Project is being carried out with the aim of ensuring a sustainable green living and helping to develop eco-friendly mines by analyzing, removing and preventing the harmful factors. Mines developed during the japanese colonial period and mining boom period are still not repaired throughout the country, and from these scattered risks, public safety is worth pursuing as a top priority. The project that is close to public safety in the mine recalmation project is an emergency treatment, and the most widely used method is a filling method similar to the ground subsidence prevention. If dangerous mine cavity or tunnels are located in the mountains, charging with existing materials may not be possible, or unreasonable cases may occur, and new methods of technological development are required. Emergency actions should be carried out safely and efficiently to prevent the loss of precious people's lives on the hiking paths adjacent to dangerous mining sites. In these field conditions, urethane foam materials may be an alternative. In this study, the applicability of urethane foam materials in mining was reviewed through overseas cases. It was also tested on the appropriate depth of top soil for the protection of urethane foam materials through forest fire simulation test. The test result show that approximately 15cm of soil covering (recommended 20cm over) was suitable for maintaining the function of foam materials from forest fires.

• Fire Science and Engineering
• /
• v.33 no.2
• /
• pp.68-78
• /
• 2019

In modern society, the paradigm of terrorism is shifting to the form of soft targets focusing on an unspecified number of people, which is different from previous terrorist tendencies, and frequent attacks using chemicals. Therefore, this study analyzed the evacuation environment and characteristics, manual analysis of a terror response manual, and the domestic chemical management status of multi-use facilities, and proposed the following management measures for chemical terror prevention in multi-use facilities. First, a multi-use facility guideline for prompt onsite response is proposed. Second, an improvement plan is suggested through the analysis of the manual for counter terrorism. Third, integrated management is proposed through the selection of chemicals available for terrorism. Through this, it is expected that an additional improvement plan will be prepared for countermeasures against chemical terrorism in multi-use facilities. In the future, it will be necessary to analyze the problems through cases of foreign countries and take customized countermeasures.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas
• /
• v.15 no.6
• /
• pp.20-27
• /
• 2011

The consequence analysis (CA) is widely using in the petrochemical plant through adoption of the process safety management (PSM) system, but it has not practical problem that the CA was not reflected effects for employee count, business interruption loss, utility usage, and etc.. In this study, to establish the practical emergency response plan and to achieve risk based management, the consequence based on the damage area and the financial loss were estimated and compared through application on facilities in the petrochemical plant. If the damage area is used, the consequence category must be determined by safety area considering simultaneously damage area, fatality area and toxic area. Also, the consequences based on the financial loss is more practical method for the case of considering process properties and circumstances.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
• /
• v.27 no.1
• /
• pp.1-7
• /
• 2015

A boiling heat transfer system is used in a variety of industrial processes and applications, such as refrigeration, power generation, heat exchangers, cooling of high-power electronics components, and cooling of nuclear reactors. The critical heat flux (CHF) is the thermal limit during a boiling heat transfer phase change; at the CHF point, the heat transfer is maximized, followed by a drastic degradation beyond the CHF point. Therefore, Enhancement of CHF is essential for economy and safety of heat transfer system. In this study, the CHF and heat transfer coefficient under the pool-boiling state were tested using multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) CM-95 and CM-100. These two types of multi-wall carbon nanotubes have different sizes but the same thermal conductivity. The results showed that the highest CHF increased for both MWCNTs CM-95 and CM-100 at the volume fraction of 0.001%, and that the CHF-increase ratio for MWCNT CM-100 nanofluid with long particles was higher than that for MWCNT CM-95 nanofluid with short particles. Also, at the volume fraction of 0.001%, the MWCNT CM-100 nanofluid indicated a 5.5% higher CHF-increase ratio as well as an approximately 23.87% higher heat-transfer coefficient increase ratio compared with the MWCNT CM-95 nanofluid.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas
• /
• v.24 no.5
• /
• pp.1-9
• /
• 2020

In Korea, hydrogen stations are being promoted and commercialized. However, the risk assessment for the hydrogen station is not clear. In particular, it is not clear how to calculate the risk and acceptable criteria for a hydrogen station. Therefore, in this study, three hydrogen stations being installed were selected and general risks were calculated and the social risk of each hydrogen station was calculated. In general, the method of risk assessment is individual/social risk. This is an individual's death rate considering the frequency of accidents, And the likelihood of death according to the number of nearby residents. These can be used to calculate the level of risk for a hydrogen station. However, this method of calculate risks is the criteria for judging whether it is acceptable are unclear. For this reason, this study investigated the allowable standards for foreign risks and considered that they were acceptable by applying the risks of selected domestic hydrogen stations.