• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.30-40
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• 2006

1. Objectives The present study purposed to examine the contents and the principles of music therapy according to Oriental medicine theories in order to prove that music therapy is not a new research area but its principle is found in the long tradition of Oriental medicine. 2. Methods We investigate the possibility of music therapy based on Oriental medicine theories and examine the meanings of music therapy from the viewpoint of Oriental medicine. 3. Conclusions and discussions (1) The principles of music therapy are the principle of homogeneity, catharsis and balance. (2) When one’s mind changes, there are naturally occurred sounds, which are called Oseong (五聲: the oriental five voices exhalation, laughing, singing, wailing and groaning), and the notes defined by arranging the Oseong according to the principle of Ohaeng (五行: the oriental five phases wood, fire, earth, metal, water) are Oheum (五音: the oriental five musical notes Gakeum, Chieum, Gungeum, Sangeum and Wooeum.). If Eum (musical notes) is classified into Ohaeng, it can be divided into Gakeum, Chieum, Gungeum, Sangeum and Wooeum. (3) Change of Sinji (神志: consciousness) induces change of Gigi (氣機: function of Gi), which can change the character of voices. Oseong controls the functions of Ojang (五臟: the oriental five viscera) by ruling one’s Jeongji (情志: emotion). It can reduce the damage of the viscera caused by excessive vent of emotion resulted from unconscious expression of Oseong - Hoseong (呼聲: exhalation), Soseong (笑聲: laughing), Gaseong (歌聲: singing), Gokseong (哭聲: wailing) and Sinseong (呻聲: groaning). (4) Yijeongseungjeong (以情勝情: Control emotion with emotion) therapies, which suppresses an emotion by stimulating another, include Noseungsabeop (怒勝思法: Control anxiety with anger), Heeseungbibeop (喜勝悲法: Control sorrow with joyfulness), (思勝恐法: Control fear with anxiety), Biseungnobeop (悲勝愁法: Control anger with sorrow) and Gongseungheebeop (恐勝喜法: Control joyfulness with fear). (5) Seongeum (聲音: voices and musical notes) can be applied to a stimulation method that not only harmonizes the rhythm of living organs but also controls the occurrence of diseases caused by mutual Pyeonseongpyeonsoi (偏盛偏衰: relative preponderance and weakness) through direct induction of the strength and weakness of Gi function of the oriental five viscera in a human body according to the individual character. Sounds preferred by the patient, the material of an instrument selected by the patient, the character of rhythm and music expressed by the patient and the sound or voice uttered frequently by the patient can be considered in diagnosis and treatments for the patient’s body and mind.

• The Korean Journal of Emergency Medical Services
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.19-33
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• 2009

Purpose : To check the legal relation between rescue team and patient as well as legal responsibility for patient's damage intentionally or erroneously caused by rescue member, a public official, in the performance of relevant job ; to prevent legal dispute over rescue team and to present program for fair settlement of dispute and equitable and feasible burden of damage. Method : First, the legal principle of Civil Law, Criminal Law and Administrative Law related to the theme of this research will be investigated around research by literature. Second, the case of dispute related to rescue team will be introduced. Result: 1. If 119 rescue members as a public official intentionally or erroneously cause damage to patient in the performance of job, they shall bear civil, criminal and administrative responsibility. They shall bear civil responsibility for indemnity for damage due to default or tort. The typical criminal responsibility includes accidental homicide arising out of duty, preparing falsified official document, dereliction of duty, etc. In the administrative side, the state is responsible for indemnity for peculiar status of the rescue member, public official. 2. Though raising civil petition or legal dispute over unsatisfactory rescue service may be reasonable to guarantee the right of nation, such action may cause stress to rescue member as well as may lead to mental shrinking and defensive attitude only to take the basic first aid treatment which has low possibility of mistake instead of active first aid treatment so as to avoid legal responsibility. 3. The program that may prevent legal dispute over 119 rescue team includes expansion of manpower specialized in first aid treatment, enhancement of education on legal environment, development and application of standard job guideline, formation of mutual trust with patient, detailed explanation, preparing and keeping minute record, improvement of the rescue members' ability of first aid treatment and development of medical instruction mode. Conclusion : The best policy is to prevent legal dispute. If it is impossible to basically exclude the possibility of dispute, however, we need to make effort to minimize the occurrence, settle fairly and divide damage equitably and feasibly. To improve the preventible death rate of our first aid system to the level of advanced country, 119 rescue team which is in charge of the stage before hospital needs to positively enforce special first aid by improving the qualitative level of rescue service and to strive to prevent legal dispute that may occur in the process.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.112-139
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• 2000

I examined and referred to literatures of every generations on the nicknames, causes, herb medications and acupucture treatments of ptosis(上胞下垂). And then the results were obtained as follows. We've compared and analyzed Occidental and Oriental medical causes, symptoms and treatments of Primary trigeminal neuralgia and wanted to get better effects by a cooperative analysis. So the examination and analysis of the recent treatment tendency and reference bibliography show the following results. 1. Trigeminal neuralgia is nerve systematic disease appearing in the distribution scope of trigeminal nerve. It's characterized by extreme pain accompanying with a repeated and simultaneous fit from several seconds to 1-2 minutes. 2. Though there are many hypothesis on the trigeminal neuralgia, but now many doctors agree that when trigeminal nerve is under the local out of sheath conditions resulting from receiving a chronic stimulus, and the nucleus of trigeminal nerve fire, owing to decrease of pain control function and abnormal occurrence of action potential, it would be appeared. 3. The Oriental medical name of trigeminal neuralgia is generally Dootong, Doopoong, Myuntong, Pyundootong, Pyundoopoong, and Myuntong is the nearest in Occidental medicine. 4. The Oriental medical cause of trigeminal neuralgia is usually divided into Wekam and Naesang. The first one is caused by Poonghan, Poongyul, Damhwa and wicked energy enter into the body, the mechanical energy is obstructed and can't move any more, so the pain appears by them. The other cause is the hurt by emotion. And it would be loss of the transportain of liver and obstructed, so result into Kanwulhwahwa, Kanpoongnaedong and the pain appears. 5. There are two methods of curing trigeminal neuralgia. As a medication, primary method is prescribing Carbamazepine and the second is using Phenytoin or Baclofen. And as a operation, Drug injection of trigeminal nerve, Amputation of branches of trigeminal nerve, Retrogasserian glycerol rhizotomy, Radiofrequency gangliolysis, Neurovascular decompression can be used. 6. There are several herb medicines for Trigeminal neuralgia. First, Chungung is good for Hwaejeetong, Keopoongjedam, Hwalhyuljeetong. Second, Jeongal, Jiryong, Okong is used for Sikpoonghekyung, Tongkyungjeetong. Third, Baekjee, Sesin, Cheonma, Manhyungja is efficacious in Sinonhepyo. Sanpoongjeetong. Fourth, for falling of liver's Wulhwa, Yongdamcho, Hyungge, Kukwha can be used. And also Saengjihwang, Hwangkm is good for going down the fever of Yangmyungwiyul and finally, Baekkangjam. Moryu can be effective for Jaumjamyang, Haekyungjitong. The other medicines can be used as assistant analgesics, and it also efficacious. 7. Generally the points of pain on the face and the points of Soyangkyung and Yangmyungkyung is used for Acupuntual therapy, because the two meridians passed on the face. Hakwan. Sabaek, Kwanryo, Keoryo, Hyubkeo, Taeyang, Jeechang, Younghyang, Eoyo, Chanjuk. Yangbaek. Sajukkong. Dooyoo, Kwangsangjum, Sengjang, Poongjee is used for taking near point and Joksamlee, Naejung, Habkok is used for taking distant point. 8. Dansam or Danggui injection which have a effect for Hwalhyulhwaeo, Sokyunghwalak and Vit B1, Vit B2, Vit B12, $2\%$ Hydrochloroprocaine, $1\%$ Lidocaine injection to pain point for local analgesics had so good effect. And external application and moxibustion are used for another treatment. 9. It proved that through mouse model, both Herb medication group and Drug medication group are efficacious for trigeminal neuralgia similarly and also the cooperative medication group shows more effective result than the only drug medication group.

• Journal of Korean Society for Geospatial Information Science
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.99-105
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• 2014

Since traffic accidents account for the highest proportion of the artificial disasters which occur in urban areas along with fire, more scientific an analysis on the causes of traffic accidents and various prevention measures against traffic accidents are needed. In this study, the research selected Jinju-si, which belongs to local small and medium-sized cities as a research target to analyze the characteristics of temporal and spacial distribution of traffic accidents by associating the data of traffic accidents, occurred in 2013 with the causes of traffic accidents and location information that includes occurrence time and seasonal features. It subsequently examines the spatial correlation between traffic accidents and the characteristics of urban space development according to the plans of land using. As a result, the characteristics of accident distribution according to the types of accidents reveal that side right-angle collisions (car versus car) and pedestrian-crossing accident (car versus man) showed the highest clustering in the density analysis and average nearest neighbor analysis. In particular, traffic accidents occurred the most on roads which connect urban central commercial areas, high-density residential areas, and industrial areas. In addition, human damage in damage conditions, clear day in weather condition, dry condition in the road condition, and three-way intersection in the road way showed the highest clustering.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.201-207
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• 2010

Recently, about 600 cases of marine accidents occur annually in Korea. According to many studies and analyses on occurrence of marine accidents, 70~80% of marine accidents were caused by human factors. Among the human factors, navigation officers' fatigue is very important factor. Although navigation officers' fatigue serves as an important role in marine accidents, there is no method to exactly examine the degree of officers' fatigue. Accordingly, this study analyzed human factors according to types of marine accidents and extracted important five factors affecting navigation officers' fatigue through the questionnaire survey by means of literatures and 5-point scale. In addition, evaluation factors of marine accident risks caused by fatigue factors were divided and structured by using ISM. Lastly, it found out the importance of each fatigue factor drawn by AHP and decided marine accidents that were most highly caused by navigation officers' fatigue in order. At the result, weights were high as sleep time 0.385, stress 0.302, health condition 0.139, rest time 0.099, alcohol and drug 0.074 in fatigue factors, and death and injury 0.328, collision 0.308, grounding 0.195, sinking 0.094, fire accident 0.075 in evaluation factors of marine accident risks. Therefore, the control plan to lower marine accident risks should be prepared on the basis of high weight factors.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.117-126
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• 1999

Accidents involving children are an important cause of death and disability. They also have enomorous financial implications. In order to prevent childhood accidents, research and education for safety should be strengthened. The purpose of this study was to determine how often young children have accidents and what factors affect the accident rate. The sample consisted of 771 children who were in the second, third and forth grades of two elementary schools located in Kyung-gi Province. One school had students from middle class families living in apartment complexes and the other, students from lower income families mainly living in single houses. The questionnaires included items on the occurance of accidents and the parents' attitudes regarding accidents during the academic year from March 1997 to February 1998. The Questionnaires were distributed to conventiently selected students to be compeleted by their parents and collected during the period of May 28, to June 6, 1998. The data were analyzed using SAS PC statistical package. The results of the study are as follows ; 1. Of 771 student subjects, 393 had 887 accidental injuries during the study period. 2. The month, the day and the time with the highest accident rate were May, Sunday, and between 1 and 4 p. m. each. 3. In the analysis of the location where the injury took place, the most frequent place was on around their homes followed by school and, then, inside the home 4. Most of the accidents were caused by carelessness on the part of the children and the most frequent type of injury was an abrasion. 5. Children most injured their legs 6. They were treated at home most often and usually emergency treatment was performed by family members with, disinfection being the main type of first aid. Cost of the treatment ranged from 8,000 to 20,000 won in most cases. 7. House type and parents' education level were statistically significant in chi-square analysis. 8. Parents educate their children about traffic safety most frequently followed by fire safety and, then, prevention of violence. 9. Parents think that prevention of violence should be the most important part of injury prevention education both at school and home. 10. To identify factors related to accident occurrence, multiple logistic regression was performed and the main factors were birth order and house type.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.411-422
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• 2000

The purpose of this study is to identify the difference of emergency care conditions where the nurse is posted in the 119 relief squard or not. The data composed a total of 777 cases of emergency activity of one police stand in Seoul during March, June. September and December in 1998. The results of this study were as follows: 1. The age of the subjects was 20-60 age 54.3%, over 60 age 35.4% with an average age of 50.2. Among them men were 55.0%, the unemployed were 60.8%. The place of the occurrence of an accident was the house, 49.7% and the cause as illness was 59.6%. 2. The main symtom was pain the 36.2% the main consciousness state was alert 76.9%: The state of the patients as chronic was 59.6%. 3. The consulting hospital of the 119 relief squad as a third medical center was 79.9%. The distance to the medical center as less than 5 km was 77.2%, and an average transfer distance was 5.38 km. The cases of doctor guided emergency care was 0.9%, the cases that had posted nurses in 119 relief squads was 48.6%. 4. The case of the best emergency care operation was difficulty in breathing, 62.1% and the second was unconsciousness, 46.1 %. The more serious the consciousness state, the higher the rate of emergency care operation. There wasn't any difference in emergency care operation concerning transfer distance. 5. The cases that had the posted nurses was 19.1%, the cases of no nurse was 11.7% among the cases of emergency care operation during transfering; the cases that had posted nurses had the higher emergency care operation. (p<0.05). Airway maintenance was 14.8% in cases that had the posted nurses, while in the cases of no nurse, 10.9%; and oxygen inspiration was 16.0% in cases that had the posted nurses while in the cases of no nurse 7.6% (p<0.01); spinal fixation was 6.6% in cases that had the posted nurses while in the cases of no nurse 4.6%(p<0.05). With these results, we can conclude that the cases that had the posted nurse showed higher emergency care operation.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.16 no.4 s.50
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• pp.437-453
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• 2006

More than 3,000 landslides were occurred by torrential rains in Gangneung area due to the typhoon Rusa in 2002. In order to analyze the landslide origin and its geometric characteristics, 1,365 landslide data were collected from the field survey of Sacheon, Jumunjin, and Yeongok areas in which the intensive landslides took place. The average landslide size in the study area was composed of 10m width, 30m length, and $21^{\circ}{\sim}35^{\circ}$ slope angle, and the plane view of landslides A-type (i.e. wide shape of lower part) that contains approximately 50.5% of the landslides commonly occurred. In particular the area of Sacheon heavily damaged by mountain fires had more occurrence of landslides than other areas. The landslides of uniform tendency of slope direction were examined resulted from the contribution of topographic characteristics due to the weathering and wind direction during heavy rainfalls. In order to analyze the direction of joint, 249 orientation data were collected from the study area. The window method was employed to determine the characteristics of joint density in 51 locations of the study area. The results showed that many landslides occurred in the areas of joint density with the range of $0.05{\sim}0.1$.

• The Transactions of the Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers P
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• v.59 no.4
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• pp.462-466
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• 2010

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the safety of a wire connector fabricated for the effective installation of a lighting fixture including its contact resistance, insulation resistance, withstanding voltage characteristics, etc., and to provide the basis for the analysis and judgment of PL(Product Liability) dispute by presenting a damage pattern due to a general flame and overcurrent. This study applied the Korean Standard (KS) for the incombustibility test of the connector using a general flame and performed an overcurrent characteristics test of the connector using PCITS (Primary Current Injection Test System). The contact resistance of the housing connector was measured using a high resistance meter and the insulation resistance was measured using a multimeter. In addition, a supply voltage of AC 1,500V for testing the withstanding voltage characteristics was applied to both ends of the connector. Measurement was performed on 5 specimens and the measured values were used as a basis for judgment. Since the connector is fabricated in the form of a housing, it can be connected and separated easily and has a structure that allows no foreign material to enter. In addition, since it has a structure that allows wires to be connected only when their polarity is identical, any misconnection that may occur during installation can be prevented. When the incombustibility test was performed by applying a general flame to the connector, it showed outstanding incombustibility characteristics and the blade and blade holder connected to the housing remained firmly secured even after the insulation sheath (PVC) was completely destroyed by fire. In addition, the mechanism of the damaged connecting wire showed a comparatively uniform carbonization pattern and it was found that some residual melted insulation material was attached to both ends. In the accelerated life test (ALT) to which approximately 500% of the rated current was applied, the connector damage proceeded in the order of white smoke generation, wire separation, spark occurrence and carbonization. That is, it could be seen that the connector damaged by overcurrent lost its own metallic color with traces of discoloration and carbonization. The contact resistance of the connector at a normal state was 2.164mV/A on average. The contact resistance measured after the high temperature test was 3.258mV/A. In addition, the insulation resistance after the temperature test was completed was greater than $10G\Omega$ and the withstanding voltage test result showed that no insulation breakdown occurred to all specimens showing stable withstanding voltage and insulation resistance characteristics.

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.659-677
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• 2022

Hydrogen is emerging as a next-generation energy source and development and supply of FCEV (hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicle) is expected to occur rapidly. Accordingly, measures to respond to hydrogen car accidents are required and researches on the safety of hydrogen cars are being actively conducted. In this study, In this study, we developed a hydrogen car accident scenarios suitable for domestic conditions for the safety evaluation of hydrogen car in road tunnels through analysis of existing experiments and research data and analyzed and presented the hazard distance according to the accident results of the hydrogen car accident scenarios. The accident results according to the hydrogen car accident scenario were classified into minor accidents, general fires, jet flames and explosions. The probability of occurrence of each accident results are predicted to be 93.06%, 1.83%, 2.25%, and 2.31%. In the case of applying the hydrogen tank specifications of FCEV developed in Korea, the hazard distance for explosion pressure (based on 16.5 kPa) is about 17.6 m, about 6 m for jet fire, up to 35 m for fireball in road tunnel with a standard cross section (72 m²).