• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.3243-3254
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• 2013

It is well known that increased incidences of lung, skin, and bladder cancers are associated with occupational exposure to PAHs. Animal studies show that certain PAHs also can affect the hematopoietic and immune systems and can produce reproductive, neurologic, and developmental effects. As a consequence, several studies have been attempted to investigate the fate of PAHs in atmospheric environment during the past decades. However, there is still a lack of information in regard to the atmospheric concentration of PAHs during the "Bon Fire Night". In this study, twenty-three polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and twenty-eight aliphatics were identified and quantified in the $PM_{10}$ and vapour range in Birmingham ($27^{th}$ November 2001-$19^{th}$ January 2004). The measured concentrations of total particulate and vapour (P+V) PAHs were consistently higher at the BROS in both winter and summer. Arithmetic mean total (P+V) PAH concentrations were $51.04{\pm}47.62$ ng $m^{-3}$ and $22.30{\pm}19.18$ ng $m^{-3}$ at the Bristol Road Observatory Site (BROS) and Elms Road Observatory Site (EROS) respectively. In addition arithmetic mean total (P+V) B[a]P concentrations at the BROS were $0.47{\pm}0.39$ ng $m^{-3}$ which exceeded the EPAQS air quality standard of 0.25 ng $m^{-3}$. On the other hand, the arithmetic mean total (P+V) aliphatics were $81.80{\pm}69.58$ ng $m^{-3}$ and $48.00{\pm}35.38$ ng $m^{-3}$ at the BROS and EROS in that order. The lowest average of CPI and $C_{max}$ measured at the BROS supports the idea of traffic emissions being a principle source of SVOCs in an urban atmosphere. The annual trend of PAHs was investigated by using an independent t-test and oneway independent ANOVA analysis. Generally, there is no evidence of a significant decline of heavier MW PAHs from the two data sets, with only Ac, Fl, Ph, An, 2-MePh, 1+9-MePh, Fluo and B[b+j+k]F showing a statistically significant decline (p<0.05). A further attempt for statistical analysis had been conducted by dividing the data set into three groups (i.e. 2000, 2001-2002 and 2003-2004). For lighter MW compounds a significant level of decline was observed by using one-way independent ANOVA analysis. Since the annual mean of $O_3$ measured in Birmingham City Centre from 2001 to 2004 increased significantly (p<0.05), it may be possible to attribute the annul reduction of more volatile PAHs to the enhanced level of annual average $O_3$. By contrast, the heavier MW PAHs measured at the BROS did not show any significant annual reduction, implying the difficulties of 5- and 6-ring PAHs to be subject to photochemical decomposition. The deviation of SVOCs profile measured at the EROS was visually confirmed during the "Bonfire Night" festival closest to the $6^{th}$ November 2003. In this study, the atmospheric PAH concentrations were generally elevated on this day with concentrations of Fl, Ac, B[a]A, B[b+j+k]F, Ind and B[g,h,i]P being particularly high.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.281-287
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• 2012

Aerosol concentrations at the CC-Lag site in the Teshio Experimental Forest increased from winter to spring and sometimes showed extremely high values associated with Kosa and/or forest-fire events. The range and mean of the mass concentrations of aerosol chemical species were as follows: total particulate mass, 1.2-29, 5.0; elemental carbon, 0.061-2.2, 0.43; organic carbon, 0.059-3.5, 0.79; and sulfate, 0.12-6.2, 1.8 ${\mu}g/m^3$. The total masses of the deposited particles on hybrid larch and on bamboo leaves were approximately 35 and 30 ${\mu}g/cm^2$, respectively. The amounts of soil particles on the leaves were 6 ${\mu}g/cm^2$ for the upper part of hybrid larch, 2 ${\mu}g/cm^2$ for the lower part of hybrid larch, and 1 ${\mu}g/cm^2$ for Sasa bamboo leaves. The amounts of deposited black carbon were 2.3 ${\mu}g/cm^2$ for the upper part of hybrid larch, 0.6 ${\mu}g/cm^2$ for the lower part of hybrid larch, and 0.2 ${\mu}g/cm^2$ for Sasa bamboo leaves. Half of the total deposited particular mass was attached on the hybrid larch; however, most of the total deposited mass was adhered on the Sasa bamboo leaves. Regardless of the species, there tend to be more deposited particles on the leaves in the upper part than in the lower part, with only a few meters height difference. Comparing the composition of the deposited particles to that of the atmospheric aerosols without any size cut, the fractions of water-soluble material sulfate and sea salt in the deposited aerosols were about one tenth and one hundredth lower than that in the aerosols, respectively. On the basis of the measured concentration and the deposited amount on leaves, the deposition velocity of black carbon was estimated to be approximately 0.5 cm/s.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.500-506
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• 2018

This study analyzed current prehospital emergency care for severe trauma patients administered by different number of 119 EMS (emergency medical services) teams. Out of 1,067 severe trauma patients transferred by 119 EMS teams in J province from January 1st to December 31st 2015, 438 were evaluated in this study. IBM SPSS Statistics 21.0 was used to analyze collected data. The number of patients with severe trauma during the period of study was higher in male with two and three ambulance crews of 119 EMS teams with 242 patients (70.6%) and 66 patients (69.5%) respectively. The percentage of transfers made to local emergency medical centers was highest in those two groups, being 44.0% (151 patients) and 49.5% (47 patients), respectively. Total time spent at the scene did not differ between ambulance crews of two and three, nor did the frequency of practicing advanced airway management and IV (intravenous) cannulation, or the success rate of IV cannulation (p=0.253, p=0.362, p=1.000). Overall, the results indicated that merely increasing the number of paramedics does not improve the quality of prehospital care for severe trauma patients. Measures such as securing professional paramedics, simplifying direct medical oversights, activating indirect medical oversights, and expanding the legally allowed work scope are required.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.83 no.3
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• pp.322-330
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• 1994

The Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) has been widely used to predict long-term soil loss by incorporating several erosion factors, such as rainfall, soil, topography, and vegetation. This study is aimed to introduce the LISLE within geographic information system(GIS) environment. The Kwangneung Experimental Forest located in Kyongki Province was selected for the study area. Initially, twelve years of hourly rainfall records that were collected from 1982 to 1993 were processed to obtain the rainfall factor(R) value for the LISLE calculation. Soil survey map and topographic map of the study area were digitized and subsequent input values(K, L, S factors) were derived. The cover type and management factor (C) values were obtained from the classification of Landsat Thematic Mapper(CM) satellite imagery. All these input values were geographically registered over a common map coordinate with $25{\times}25m^2$ ground resolution. The USLE was calculated for every grid location by selecting necessary input values from the digital base maps. Once the LISLE was calculated, the resultant soil loss values(A) were represented by both numerical values and map format. Using GIS to run the LISLE, it is possible to pent out the exact locations where soil loss potential is high. In addition, this approach can be a very effective tool to monitor possible soil loss hazard under the situations of forest changes, such as conversion of forest lands to other uses, forest road construction, timber harvesting, and forest damages caused by fire, insect, and diseases.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.29 no.1 s.97
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• pp.35-42
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• 2005

This study aims at analyzing the extent of seafarers' perception on their stress and ways to cope with the stress and providing fundamental data for establishing on the stress management of seafarers. In this paper 428 seafarers, who were in the fire-fighting and survival technique training course in Korea Institute of Maritime and fisheries Technology, were sampled and asked to fill out two kinds of questionnaire. One is a questionnaire on seafarers' stress perception and the other is that on the measure of their coping with stress. The collected data were analyzed by using descriptive statistics, t-test and ANOVA by SPSS 10.1 package. The results of this study are as follow. 1) There were significant differences of stress perception in navigation area, marital status, amount of smoking, frequency of drinking, exercise, sleep pattern, sleeping hours, leisure time, and job satisfaction 2) There were significant differences of method coping with stress in current position, navigation area, age, ship career, level of education, marital status, yearly income, frequency of drinking, amount of drinking, exercise, sleep pattern, and job satisfaction 3) The relation between stress perception and ways of coping with stress showed that the group with higher stress perception tended to use emotion-focused coping style and desirable thinking.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.94-104
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• 2014

This contribution studied knowledges, informations and main project issues for systematic conservation management utilize of Joseon Royal Tombs guaranteeing their Outstanding Universal Value, Authenticity and Integrity, and the outcomes are as follows. The first, regarding the tomb's system, it should be planned to enhance authenticity and integrity of Joseon Royal Tombs through historical facts, measurement, diagnosis and intervention according to international and national charters, statements and general standards. The second, regarding prevention against disasters, the anti-fire system including construction of GIS materials and the Risk Map following investigation the present condition, premising improvement of relevant laws and regulations, should be planned. The third, we should consider, regarding utilize, educational application by the each tomb's story and royal ancestral rite, tourism by the local area of each tomb and industrial application by science and IT technologies.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.33 no.5_3
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• pp.889-900
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• 2017

In this study, we analyzed the paper about NIR (Near-Infrared) remote sensing data and systematically summarized the research and application fields of NIR. To do this, we conducted a case study on the use of NIR in domestic journals, and SCI journals in the field of technology development for the last 5 years. After selection, a total of 281 journals were analyzed. For the statistical analysis, the classification was divided into subclasses and the dominant research trends were examined. As a result, the researchers who wrote the papers made the highest score of about 60% or more at university. In the field of application, 50% of land, 30% of environment, and 11% of disaster were distributed on SCI journals. In Korea, on the other hand, 55% of land, 24% of environment and 10% of disasters were distributed. In addition, 17% of the national land management and 8% of the geological / natural resources. Disaster observation using NIR was used for landslide, drought, weather disaster and flood. In particular, meteorological disasters are a result of study on Asian dust. However, there were no results of forest fire detection in Korea. Considering the domestic situation, it seems necessary to carry out additional and active research on this. It is expected that this statistical analysis data will be used as basic data to help expand the NIR technology development and utilization field in Korea in the future.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.608-615
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• 2000

A determination method of trace nickel and cobalt in water samples was studied and developed by adsorbing their complexes on ion exchange resin suspension. The analytical ions were formed as complexes with a ligand of APDC (ammonium pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate) and adsorbed on anion exchange resin of Dowex 2-X8. After the suspension was filtered out with membrane filter, the complexes were dissolved in HCl solution by an ultrasonic vibrator for ET-AAS determination. Several conditions were optimized as followings. pH of sample solution: 5.0, amount of ligand APDC: more than 430 times in mole ratio, the type and concentration of acid: 0.1 M HCl, and vibration time: 7 minutes. The addition of palladium in the HCl solution could improve the reproducibility and sensitivity by a matrix modification in the absorbance measurement. This procedure was applied for the analysis of three kinds of real water samples. The detection limits equivalent to 3 times standard deviation of blank were Co 0.36 ng/mL and Ni 0.27 ng/mL and recoveries in spiked samples were 99-102% for cobalt and 100-105% for nickel.

• Agribusiness and Information Management
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.27-39
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• 2019

Agricultural risks are exacerbated by a variety of factors ranging from climatevariability and change, frequent natural disasters, uncertainties in yields and prices, weakrural infrastructure, imperfect markets and lack of financial services including limited spanand design of risk mitigation instruments such as credit and insurance. Indian agriculture has little more than half (53%) of its area still rainfed and this makes it highly sensitive to vagaries of climate causing unstable output. Besides adverse climatic factors, there are man-made disasters such as fire, sale of spurious seeds, adulteration of pesticides and fertilizers etc., and all these severely affect farmers through loss in production and farm income, and are beyond the control of farmers. Hence, crop insurance' is considered to be the promising tool to insulate the farmers from risks faced by them and to sustain them in the agri-business. This paper critically evaluates the performance of recent crop insurance scheme viz., Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bhima Yojana (PMFBY) and its comparative performance with earlier agricultural insurance schemes implemented in the country. It is heartening that, the comparative performance of PMFBY with earlier schemes revealed that, the Government has definitely taken a leap forward in covering more number of farmers and bringing more area under crop insurance with the execution of this new scheme and on this front, it deserves the appreciation in fulfilling the objective for bringing more number of farmers under insurance cover. The use of mobile based technology, reduced number of Crop Cutting Experiments (CCEs) and smart CCEs, digitization of land record and linking them to farmers' account for faster assessment/settlement of claims are some of the steps that contributed for effective implementation of this new crop insurance scheme. However, inadequate claim payments, errors in loss/yield assessment, delayed claim payment, no direct linkage between insurance companies and farmers are the major shortcomings of this scheme. This calls for revamping the crop insurance program in India from time to time in tune with the dynamic changes in climatic factors on one hand and to provide a safety-net for farmers to mitigate losses arising from climatic shocks on the other. The future research avenues include: insuring the revenue of the farmer (Price × Yield) as in USA and more and more tenant farmers should be brought under insurance by doling out discounts for group coverage of farmers like in Philippines where 20 per cent discount in premium is given for a group of 5-10 farmers, 30 per cent for a group of 10-20 and 40 per cent for a group of >20 farmers.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.239-249
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• 2016

In this study, the personality type of youths was divided into 4 areas: Open, Blind, Hidden and Unknown, and the four different types were analysed according to the impact on smartphone addiction. The survey was conducted on 406 middle school students in Jeonbuk province to assess the relationship between smartphone addiction of youth and the personality type. The results of this study are as follows: First, the difference of smartphone addiction in youth between genders is not large, but males were largely affected by tolerance, while females by difficulty of daily living. Second, the differences of smartphone addiction between grades found that difficulty of daily living and tolerance had a statistically significant impact. Third, the result of co-relationship between the Johari window type of mind and smartphone addiction showed that blind type and unknown type had a statistically significant positive relationship but open type had a negative impact. Finally, analysis of variables about whether a type of mind affected smartphone addiction showed that there was a relationship. The most serious type of addiction to smartphones showed in hidden type and unknown type. Therefore in developing programs to treat smartphone addiction it should seek specific measures to help these groups.