• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.122-129
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• 2014

Objectives: Because of its properties such as resistance to heat, chemicals and corrosion; tensile strength; sound absorption; and affordable price, asbestos has been widely used as a building material, fire resistant and retardant, thermal and heat insulator, soundproofing material, and electrical insulation. Since the prolonged inhalation of asbestos can cause serious illnesses such as lung cancer, mesothelioma, and asbestosis after an incubation period of 20 to 40 years, the mineral was classified as a Group 1 carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer, an intergovernmental agency forming part of the World Health Organization. Children and infants are more at risk than are adults if they are exposed to carcinogens, due to aweaker immunity that has not yet been fully developed. Most childcare centers are operated all day and children tend to spend a great amount of time in the centers. This is why it is important for them to be systematically isolated from environments that may expose them to asbestos. Materials: In order to understand both indoor and outdoor hazards to which children may have been exposed, the study focused on actual surveys of asbestos used in childcare centers, paying special attention to slate-roofed buildings in the vicinity of the centers. Results: A survey of a total of 211 childcare centers showed that the buildings of 18.1% of the centers contained asbestos, with 60.53% of the material being found in classroom ceilings. "Tex" was the most used material for ceilings, making up 89.47% of all ceilings. An outdoor survey showed that childcare centers in Daegu Metropolitan City had an average of 143 slate-roof buildings within a distance of 1km. Conclusions: Buildings housing mainly toddlers, children, teenagers and others more vulnerable to the toxicity of asbestos are not subject to asbestos investigation by law. A legal and practical basis for asbestos control is required for such buildings. In particular, housing materials which contain asbestos in day care centers require asbestos control. GIS should be used to identify the location of buildings with slate roofing materials in the vicinity of daycare centers in order to gauge toxicity of exposure to asbestos caused by potential asbestos friability possibility in outdoor conditions.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.90-96
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• 2018

Design techniques for minimizing the damage caused by leakage of $H_2S$ gas, contained in natural gas and petroleum, have been widely studied abroad in chemical plants that purify and process natural gas and petroleum. However, there is no domestic engineering practice and regulation of $H_2S$. In accordance with the circumstances, this study proposes the quantitative criteria of process equipment to install $H_2S$ toxic gas detector as 500 ppm and explains the valid basis. The $H_2S$ gas dispersion radius up to IDLH 100 ppm is calculated by ALOHA under previous $H_2S$ gas leak accident scenario. The weather conditions of modeling include the conditions of Ulsan, Yeosu and Daesan, the three major petrochemical complexes in Korea. The long radius up to 100 ppm was derived in order of Ulsan, Daesan, Yeosu. For emergency safety the dispersion radius up to 100 ppm of the $H_2S$ gas obtained in this study should be extended to apply the additional $H_2S$ toxic gas detector, and local climate conditions should be considered.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Clinical Toxicology
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.73-79
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• 2012

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the changes in the characteristics of patients with carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning, as well as the distinctive differences in intentionally exposed patients. Methods: The medical records of CO poisoning patients, who visited nine emergency departments between January 2010 and December 2011, were reviewed retrospectively. The clinical information including age, gender, hospitalization, type of discharge, cause and location of exposure, site of onset, concentration of initial blood carboxyhemoglobin (COHb), methods of treatment and presence of neurological complications was examined. The subjects were divided into an intentional and non-intentional group and the differences between them was compared. Results: A total 209 subjects were recruited. The median age was 38 years (29~49.5 years). They frequently complained of nausea and vomiting, and the most common exposures occurred in winter, normally in the home. The cause of exposure was usually fire, followed by incomplete combustion of fuels. The median initial blood COHb was 13.15%. The proportion of intentionally exposed patients was 21%. They were significantly younger, more frequently discharged against medical advice, and showed a higher initial blood COHb level (22.85%) than the non-intentional group. Conclusion: This study suggests that those with intentional CO poisoning are normally discharged against medical advice even when they have a higher initial COHb level. An adequate explanation of the delayed neurologic sequelae and short term follow-up observation is recommended for those patients with intentional exposure.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.83 no.3
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• pp.322-330
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• 1994

The Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) has been widely used to predict long-term soil loss by incorporating several erosion factors, such as rainfall, soil, topography, and vegetation. This study is aimed to introduce the LISLE within geographic information system(GIS) environment. The Kwangneung Experimental Forest located in Kyongki Province was selected for the study area. Initially, twelve years of hourly rainfall records that were collected from 1982 to 1993 were processed to obtain the rainfall factor(R) value for the LISLE calculation. Soil survey map and topographic map of the study area were digitized and subsequent input values(K, L, S factors) were derived. The cover type and management factor (C) values were obtained from the classification of Landsat Thematic Mapper(CM) satellite imagery. All these input values were geographically registered over a common map coordinate with $25{\times}25m^2$ ground resolution. The USLE was calculated for every grid location by selecting necessary input values from the digital base maps. Once the LISLE was calculated, the resultant soil loss values(A) were represented by both numerical values and map format. Using GIS to run the LISLE, it is possible to pent out the exact locations where soil loss potential is high. In addition, this approach can be a very effective tool to monitor possible soil loss hazard under the situations of forest changes, such as conversion of forest lands to other uses, forest road construction, timber harvesting, and forest damages caused by fire, insect, and diseases.

• Journal of Korea Spatial Information System Society
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• v.3 no.1 s.5
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• pp.27-36
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• 2001

The 4S represents four systems that are commonly related to spatial information: GIS, GNSS, SIIS, ITS. The 4S technology that integrates the four systems gets more and more interests recently. In this paper, we adopt component paradigm to 4S system, apply it to the disaster control field, and design a system based on component architecture. There are many application areas to which the 4S technology can be applied. but the disaster control system is one of the most typical fields. We apply 4S technology to the disaster control fields, including fire, flood, and typhoon. Because of the characteristics of disaster control system that handles large-volume map data, component-based 4S system will take considerable effects on the improvement of disaster control works. The core functions that are common to all disaster control fields are included in 4S kernel component because of the consideration of time performance. Remaining non-common functions are implemented as separate components named as work-specific components. In our suggested system, a vehicle named as 4S-Van collects real-time information on the spot of disaster and sends image and location information to control center via wireless transmission. The control center analyzes the information together with its own spatial database or map, which was not possible in the conventional disaster control works. The control center can get desired information by sending a request of re-transmission to 4S-Van. Such method of real-time transmission supported by on-the-spot information makes the current situation judgment, decision making, and order issuance more exact, effective, and timely. The suggested system and method are expected to bring remarkable improvement on disaster control works.

• Journal of Korean Society for Geospatial Information Science
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.99-105
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• 2014

Since traffic accidents account for the highest proportion of the artificial disasters which occur in urban areas along with fire, more scientific an analysis on the causes of traffic accidents and various prevention measures against traffic accidents are needed. In this study, the research selected Jinju-si, which belongs to local small and medium-sized cities as a research target to analyze the characteristics of temporal and spacial distribution of traffic accidents by associating the data of traffic accidents, occurred in 2013 with the causes of traffic accidents and location information that includes occurrence time and seasonal features. It subsequently examines the spatial correlation between traffic accidents and the characteristics of urban space development according to the plans of land using. As a result, the characteristics of accident distribution according to the types of accidents reveal that side right-angle collisions (car versus car) and pedestrian-crossing accident (car versus man) showed the highest clustering in the density analysis and average nearest neighbor analysis. In particular, traffic accidents occurred the most on roads which connect urban central commercial areas, high-density residential areas, and industrial areas. In addition, human damage in damage conditions, clear day in weather condition, dry condition in the road condition, and three-way intersection in the road way showed the highest clustering.

• Journal of the Computational Structural Engineering Institute of Korea
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.453-460
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• 2017

In the offshore industry, helicopters are mainly used for transportation of goods or operating personnel between offshore sites and onshore facilities. A helideck is a structure that is required for landing and take-off of helicopters on the offshore structure. There are several shapes of helidecks depending on the type of offshore structures or installation location. Among them, cantilever-type helidecks usually provide more space on the topside of offshore structures and it is safer against potential accidents like fire or explosion. In this paper, the cantilever-type helideck is selected for the research object and topology design optimization is applied for lightweight design of the helideck. A finite element model is then created from the optimal layout of truss structures of the helideck, and structural analysis is performed under various landing conditions and wind loads. Based on the analysis results, the detailed section dimensions of structural members are determined so that the maximum stress at each structure member does not exceed the allowable stress of the structural material. Also, the final optimal design shows significant decrease in the total weight of the helideck.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.33-46
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• 2012

The purpose of this study lies on reinterpreting the geography books in Joseon dynasty as records of the cities and consequently suggesting directions for further urban research. Geography books of Joseon dynasty are valuable references to understand the national policy, and imply that the focus of the contents is on the system. Especially, military system is an important concept to understand city type in that period, relationships between cities, selection of location, etc. The results of review are as following: First, military system is not a permanent fixture and therefore reflects changes in urban policies along with the history. The system suggests valuable clues on urban development as it is state-run, and closely associated with national land development. Second, counties and prefectures under jurisdiction of district called Eupchi(邑治) had cities as important as or even more important than local government such as Yeong-a(營衙), Jinbo(鎭堡), Yeok(驛: administrative cities). Such special regions need to be studied as other type of cities in Joseon dynasty by defining their architectural characteristics and roles. Third, the relationship of cities such as Eupch, Yeong-a, and Jinbo, was reorganized according to the local military system. Eupchi, administrative city, along with Yeong-a and Jinbo evolved into a military city as it became systematically organized. The characteristics of Yeok needs to be reconsidered in the context of such new inter-city relationship. Fourth, considerations which should be reviewed in the geography based on this concept can be mainly classified into architecture and landscape. This will also lay the foundation, and suggest new directions for further research for Eupchi, Yeong-a, Jinbo, and Yeok. Fifth, description of the geography looks simple at first sight, but with thorough understating on the system, there are chances to interpret objective reasoning of position and landscape in the overall flow of region, area, etc. Bongsu(烽燧), signal-fire, can be an object of comparison with geographical features and position. Furthermore, advantageous position is a historical and geographical element showing the major context of the region.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.117-126
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• 1999

Accidents involving children are an important cause of death and disability. They also have enomorous financial implications. In order to prevent childhood accidents, research and education for safety should be strengthened. The purpose of this study was to determine how often young children have accidents and what factors affect the accident rate. The sample consisted of 771 children who were in the second, third and forth grades of two elementary schools located in Kyung-gi Province. One school had students from middle class families living in apartment complexes and the other, students from lower income families mainly living in single houses. The questionnaires included items on the occurance of accidents and the parents' attitudes regarding accidents during the academic year from March 1997 to February 1998. The Questionnaires were distributed to conventiently selected students to be compeleted by their parents and collected during the period of May 28, to June 6, 1998. The data were analyzed using SAS PC statistical package. The results of the study are as follows ; 1. Of 771 student subjects, 393 had 887 accidental injuries during the study period. 2. The month, the day and the time with the highest accident rate were May, Sunday, and between 1 and 4 p. m. each. 3. In the analysis of the location where the injury took place, the most frequent place was on around their homes followed by school and, then, inside the home 4. Most of the accidents were caused by carelessness on the part of the children and the most frequent type of injury was an abrasion. 5. Children most injured their legs 6. They were treated at home most often and usually emergency treatment was performed by family members with, disinfection being the main type of first aid. Cost of the treatment ranged from 8,000 to 20,000 won in most cases. 7. House type and parents' education level were statistically significant in chi-square analysis. 8. Parents educate their children about traffic safety most frequently followed by fire safety and, then, prevention of violence. 9. Parents think that prevention of violence should be the most important part of injury prevention education both at school and home. 10. To identify factors related to accident occurrence, multiple logistic regression was performed and the main factors were birth order and house type.

• Journal of Korea Multimedia Society
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• v.9 no.5
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• pp.671-680
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• 2006

As a mathematical technique with which we can find the minimum duration time needed to fire all the transitions at least once and coming back to the initial marking in a timed net, the minimum cycle time method has been widely used in computer system analysis. A timed net is a modified version of a Petri net where a transition is associated with a delay time. A delay time used in a timed net is a constant even though the duration time associated with an event in the world is a stochastic number in general. In the consequence, the result of minimum cycle time analysis is not realistic. Therefore, we propose ‘Stochastic Timed Net' where a transition can be associated with a stochastic number and introduce a minimum cycle time analysis method for ‘Stochastic Timed Net’ As an example of the application of ‘Stochastic Timed Net’, we introduce a ‘Stochastic Timed Net' model of a Location Based Service Providing Multimedia System and the result of minimum cycle time analysis of it. Whereas the typical form of the result of the existing minimum cycle time analysis is 'It takes at least 10 time units', the typical form of the result of minimum cycle time analysis of a ‘Stochastic Timed Net' is in the probability form such as "The probability of the events in which it finishes its job within 10 time units is 85%."