• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.1-6
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• 2000

With the "Fire Protection Building Plan" of the Building Center of Japan as a sample, actual evacuation plans used for large scaled and multi-storied buildings are analyzed. Sufficient number of samples were classified into 6 categories. For room evacuation, time to pass through the exit was the most critical point for larger spaces and movement time in the room was the key for smaller evacuation object zone and less number of evacuees. Seen from the location of fire breakout point, it was witnessed that the numbers of crowding at the exits of the fire escape staircase are serious for floor level evacuation. For vertical traffic line, it was actually proved that time to fire escaping floor is problem of higher buildings. It was also proved that special evacuation methods are in practical use in many buildings in japan.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.11-17
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• 2013

For the safe handling of n-undecane, the lower flash points and the upper flash point, fire point, AITs (auto-ignition temperatures) by ignition delay time were experimented. Also lower and upper explosion limits by using measured the lower and upper flash points for n-undecane were calculated. The lower flash points of n-undecane by using closed-cup tester were measured $59^{\circ}C$ and $67^{\circ}C$. The lower flash points of n-undecane by using open cup tester were measured $67^{\circ}C$ and $72^{\circ}C$, respectively. The fire point of n-undecane by using Cleveland open cup tester was measured $74^{\circ}C$. This study measured relationship between the AITs and the ignition delay times by using ASTM E659 apparatus for n-undecane. The experimental AIT of n-undecane was $198^{\circ}C$. The estimated lower and upper explosion limit by using measured lower flash point $59^{\circ}C$ and upper flash point $83^{\circ}C$ for n-undecane were 0.65 Vol.% and 2.12 Vol.%.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.18-22
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• 2004

The Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) was applied to a center fire in a room, of which dimensions were 1.8m${\times}$1.38m with an opening of 0.45m${\times}$1.2m doorway, to evaluate the numerical method. The time-variation of temperature at a top point of thedoorway centerline and distributions of evaluate the numerical method. The time-variation of temperature at a top point of the doorway centerline and distributions of average temperature along the doorway centerline and corner stack were compared with measurements for three different fire sizes, 7.65, 21.25 and 51.71kW. The results showed FDS predicted a very rapid fire growth compared with the experiment for all the three fire sizes, that is an importand shortcoming of FDS in compartment fire simulations. The average temperature distributions, and heights of hot gas layers and neutral planes in steady state were in reasonable agreement with the measurements.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2018

The flash point is one of the most important parameters used to characterize the ignition and explosion hazards of liquids. Flash points were measured for several binary systems containing toluene, including {methanol+toluene}, {ethanol+toluene}, and {1-propanol+toluene}. Experiments were performed according to the standard test method using a SETA closed cup flash point tester. The measured flash points were compared with the predicted values calculated using the following $G^E$ models: Wilson, NRTL, and UNIQUAC. The average absolute deviation between the predicted and measured lower flash point was less than 1.69 K.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.39-45
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• 2014

For the safe handling of n-hexadecane, the lower flash points and the upper flash point, fire point, AITs(auto-ignition temperatures) by ignition delay time were experimented. Also lower and upper explosion limits by using measured the lower and upper flash points for n-hexadecane were calculated. The lower flash points of n-hexadecane by using the Setaflash and the Pensky-Martens closed testers were measured $128^{\circ}C$ and $126^{\circ}C$, respectively. The lower flash points of the Tag and the Cleveland open cup testers were measured $136^{\circ}C$ and $132^{\circ}C$, respectively. The fire points of the Tag and the Cleveland open cup testers were measured $144^{\circ}C$. respectively. This study measured relationship between the AITs and the ignition delay times by using ASTM E659 apparatus for n-hexadecane. The experimental AIT of n-hexadecane was $200^{\circ}C$. The calculated lower and upper explosion limit by using measured lower $128^{\circ}C$ and upper flash point $180^{\circ}C$ for n-hexadecane were 0.42 Vol.% and 4.70 Vol.%.

• Korean Journal of Hazardous Materials
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.23-29
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• 2018

The fire and explosion properties necessary for waste, safe storage, transport, process design and operation of handling flammable substances are lower explosion limits(LEL), upper explosion limits(UEL), flash point, AIT( minimum autoignition temperature or spontaneous ignition temperature), fire point etc., An accurate knowledge of the combustion properties is important in developing appropriate prevention and control measures fire and explosion protection in chemical plants. In order to know the accuracy of data in MSDSs(material safety data sheets), the flash point of phenol was measured by Setaflash, Pensky-Martens, Tag, and Cleveland testers. And the AIT of phenol was measured by ASTM 659E apparatus. The explosion limits of phenol was investigated in the reference data. The flash point of phenol by using Setaflash and Pensky-Martens closed-cup testers were experimented at $75^{\circ}C$ and $81^{\circ}C$, respectively. The flash points of phenol by Tag and Cleveland open cup testers were experimented at $82^{\circ}C$ and $89^{\circ}C$, respectively. The AIT of phenol was experimented at $589^{\circ}C$. The LEL and UEL calculated by using Setaflash lower and upper flash point value were calculated as 1.36vol% and 8.67vol%, respectively. By using the relationship between the spontaneous ignition temperature and the ignition delay time proposed, it is possible to predict the ignition delay time at different temperatures in the handling process of phenol.

• Clean Technology
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.279-285
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• 2020

Laboratories and industrial processes typically involve the use of flammable substances. An important property used to estimate fire and explosion risk for a flammable liquid is the flash point. In this study, flash point data at 101.3 kPa were determined using a SETA closed cup flash point tester on the following solvent mixtures: {2,2,4-trimethylpentane + methylcyclohexane}, {2,2,4-trimethylpentane + ethylbenzene}, and {2,2,4-trimethylpentane + p-xylene}. The purpose of this work is to obtain flash point data for binary mixtures of 2,2,4-trimethylpentane with three hydrocarbons (methylcyclohexane, ethylbenzene, and p-xylene), which are representative compounds of the main aromatic hydrocarbon fractions of petroleum. The measured flash points are compared with the predicted values calculated using the GE models' activity coefficient patterns: the Wilson, the Non-Random Two-Liquid (NRTL), and the UNIversal QUAsiChemical (UNIQUAC) models. The non-ideality of the mixture is also considered. The average absolute deviation between the predicted and measured lower flash point s is less than 1.99 K, except when Raoult's law is calculated. In addition, the minimum flash point behavior is not observed in any of the three binary systems. This work's predicted results can be applied to design safe petrochemical processes, such as identifying safe storage conditions for non-ideal solutions containing volatile components.

• Journal of the Society of Disaster Information
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.890-896
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• 2021

Purpose: The called Aero System is important to find the well detected place in the livingroom or bedroom so, it needs to the confirmation through the Fire Dynamics Simulation Method: A fire simulation of a residential space of 59 m² was performed, and in order to find the point where the fire environment was exposed quickly, measuring points were installed at 0.6 m and 1.5 m in height for each bedroom and living room, and the point where the fire was quickly detected was confirmed. Result: It was confirmed that the temperature and carbon monoxide sensor set at a point of 1.5 m was quickly detected at the reference value. Conclusion: The Fire detection would be relatively quick if the product in which the fire extinguishing module and the AQI module were separated was installed on the wall.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.20 no.2 s.70
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• pp.73-78
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• 2005

A fire is occurring increasingly every you and the damage is bigger in proportion to the number. Therefore a fire is classified as a serious calamity. It is important to evacuate and fight a fire by early Perception. However, if the alarming sound is not perceived when a fire breaks out the damage could be expanded. From this point of view, this study aims to analyse the correlation between alarming sound sources and sound quality parameters through psycho-acoustic experiment using Korean vocabularies extracted by existing study. The sound sources more dangerous, tense and urgent were chosen. The results from this study are as follows: 1. airraid, klaxon2 and S.O.S got a point more than conventional alarming sound.2. correlation coefficient between Loudness(L) and Unbiased Annoyance(UA) was highest with 0.63 md Sharpness(S) and Roughness(R) was -0.40 and Fluctuation Strength(FL) and Tonality(T).

• Journal of the Korea Safety Management & Science
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.51-63
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• 2007

It is noted that the disaster such as fire, explosion, collapse has been rapidly increased caused by strength deterioration of steel structures at petrochemical plant during fire. In this regard, it is stressed out that the legal requirement for fire proofing for steel structures at petrochemical plant should be carefully reviewed since the current legal requirement such as Industrial Safety & Health Law, Architectural Law has a conflict and different way of approach. In addition, it is our point of view that the present law should be revised to consolidate into single law including engineering design criteria to reflect unreasonable legal requirement. It is further our point of view that the performance certificate for fire proofing like UL-1709, basis of maintenance should be appropriately and reasonably provided in line with global practice.