• 한국농촌건축학회논문집
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.71-78
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• 2020

Today, the whole world is going through a big chaos due to the COVID-19, but paradoxically, the emergence of COVID-19 has been leading to the need for sustainable development, such as Green New Deal that can improve global warming and carbon emissions, and the need for sustainable architecture is growing bigger and bigger in the architectural field as well. The level of CLT buildings in Korea is at a very rudimentary stage, while CLT buildings remedying existing wooden buildings are getting the spotlight among European countries for sustainable architecture. This study was conducted to categorize structure layer compositions of overseas CLT buildings and analyze architectural techniques and materials applied by collecting and analyzing information about CLT structure layer compositions of overseas CLT building-related institutions, companies and cases. When classifying structure layer compositions of foreign CLT buildings depending on the roles of layers. it was revealed that exterior wall structure layers were combined and organized within a sequence of external finishing, ventilation, waterproof, board, external insulation, airtightness, structure, airtightness, interior insulation, interior finishing, sloped roof structure layers were external finishing, ventilation, waterproof, board, external insulation, airtightness, structure, airtightness, interior insulation, interior finishing, flat roof structure layers were external finishing, ventilation, waterproof, planking wood, external insulation, waterproof, external insulation, airtightness, structure, airtightness, interior insulation, interior finishing.

• 보존과학회지
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• 제38권4호
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• pp.334-346
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• 2022

The manufacturing technique was studied through the structure and material characteristics of the walls and the painting layers of the Avalokitesvara Bodhisattva mural of Geungnakjeon Hall, Daewonsa Temple. The mural is painted and connected to the earthen wall and the Junggit, and the wall is composed of wooden laths as a frame, the first and middle layers, the finishing layer, and the painting layer. The first layer, middle layer, and finishing layer constituting the wall were made by mixing weathered soil and sand. It was confirmed that the first layer had a high content of loess below silt, and the finishing layer had a high content of fine-sand and very fine sand. For the painting layer, a ground layer was prepared using soil-based mineral pigments, and lead white, white clay, atacamite, minium, and cinnabar (or vermilion) pigments were used on top of it. The Avalokitesvara Bodhisattva mural was confirmed to belong to a category similar to the soil-made buddhist mural paintings of Joseon Dynasty. However, it shows characteristics such as a high content of fine sand in the finishing layer and overlapping over other colors. Such material and structural characteristics can constitute important information for future mural conservation status diagnoses and conservation treatment plans.

• 대한설비공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한설비공학회 2006년도 하계학술발표대회 논문집
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• pp.289-294
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• 2006

Interior finishing materials are known as main VOCs and formaldehyde emission sources in residential buildings. The interior finishing materials are usually comprised of several layers with different emission properties, which complicates the emission patterns of the finishing materials. Thus, experiments on composite finishing materials and each of layers are needed to understand the emission characteristics of interior finishing materials. Results indicate that composite finishing materials have the various emission characteristics according to compositions of the materials and kinds of contaminants. Mostly, the emission rates of composite materials are higher than that of the single layer materials. The main reason is assumed to be rapid diffusion of contaminants from the bottom layer material into the top layer material.

• 보존과학회지
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• 제34권6호
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• pp.557-568
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• 2018

내소사 대웅보전 포벽화에 대한 벽체 구조 및 재질특성 그리고 채색층에 대한 정밀분석을 통해 제작기법을 연구하였다. 벽체 골조는 외가지 구조이며, 벽체층과 마감층 그리고 채색층의 세 층위로 구성되어있다. 벽체를 구성하는 벽체층 및 마감층은 석영과 장석류 등 모래와 황토를 혼합하여 제작하였다. 벽체층은 중립사 이상 크기와 세립사 이하 크기가 약 0.8:9.2 비율이고, 내 외부 마감층은 각각 약 6:4 비율로 벽체층보다 중립사 이상의 모래 비율이 상대적으로 높게 나타났다. 채색층 정밀분석 결과, 뇌록을 사용하여 최대 $456.15{\mu}m$로 비교적 두꺼운 바탕칠층을 마련하였으며 그 위로 녹염동광 및 백토 그리고 산화철 계통의 안료를 사용하여 채색하였다. 연구결과, 토벽체와 채색층 제작기법은 현재까지 연구된 조선시대 사찰벽화 제작양식 범주에 속하는 것으로 확인되었다. 그러나 마감층 모래 함량이 높고 중벽층과 짚여물이 확인되지 않는 점 등은 내소사 대웅보전 포벽화 벽체가 지닌 구조 및 재질특성으로서, 이와 같은 결과는 향후 벽화 보존상태 평가 또는 보존처리 방안 마련에 주요 정보가 될 수 있다.

• 보존과학회지
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• 제38권1호
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• pp.45-54
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• 2022

This study examined the production technique of bracket murals in Daeungjeon Hall, Gaeamsa Temple by conducting a analysis of their wall structure, material characteristics, and painting layers. Wall was a single-branch structure with support layer, middle layer, finishing layer, and painting layer. The support layer, middle layer and finishing layer, were produced by mixing sand (quartz, feldspars etc.), and loess. The ratio of above medium sand to below fine sand was approximately 0.7 : 9.3 in the support layer, 4 : 6 in the middle layer and 6 : 4 in the finishing layer, which had a more percentage of above medium sand than the support layer. The analysis of the painting layer showed that natural soil pigment was used to establish a relatively ground layer of up to 50 ㎛, and pigments such as Lead sulfate, atacamite and mercury sulfide were painted on top of the layer. This study's results confirmed that the bracket mural paintings in Gaeamsa Temple are within the category of the production style of murals during the Joseon period. However, the points that the middle layer was formed several times, the significant difference in particle size distribution between the wall, and the absence of chopped straw in the support layer are a feature of bracket mural paintings in Gaeamsa Temple. These properties of murals as material and structure may be viewed for correlation with the degree of damage to wall structure of mural painting and would serve as an important reference to diagnosis the conservation conditions of murals or prepare conservation treatments.

• 보존과학회지
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.143-155
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• 2018

본 연구에서는 전통적으로 토벽화 마감층 제작에 사용된 것으로 여겨지는 천연 보강 매제인 아교, 전분풀, 도박풀을 3%, 5%, 7%, 10% 농도로 적용하여 흙 반죽의 작업성부터 완성된 마감층의 물성 및 내후성까지 전반적으로 평가하였다. 연구 결과, 농도 5% 이하의 전분풀과 3%의 도박풀을 배합하였을 때 마감층의 제작에 유리하였다. 아교를 배합한 흙 반죽은 농도가 높을수록 건조하고 쉽게 부서져 작업성이 매우 떨어졌으나 저농도의 아교를 배합할 경우 표면 안정성이 높아 3% 이하의 저농도에서 보강 매제로 사용되었을 가능성이 있었다. 전분풀은 작업성과 강도 보강의 효과가 뛰어났으나 7% 이상의 농도로 사용할 시 동결융해에 의한 표면 안정성이 떨어졌다. 도박풀의 경우 강도 보강의 효과가 있었으나 5% 농도 이상에서는 균열이 발생하였고 농도 3%의 경우에는 균열이 발생하지 않고 동결융해 후에도 표면이 안정하여 보강 매제로서 적합한 것으로 나타났다. 이는 앞으로 토벽화 마감층의 전통기술 및 재료를 복원하고 보강 매제의 용법을 제시하는데 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• 박물관보존과학
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• 제20권
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• pp.93-106
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• 2018

국내 악기 박물관에 전시되어 있는 악기는 목재, 석재, 금속, 가죽, 흙 등 다양한 재질로 구성되어 있다. 그 중 유기재료로 제작된 악기는 시간 경과에 따라 물리적·화학적·생물학적인 손상이 발생한다. 이러한 악기를 보존·복원하는 경우, 소리를 내는 악기라는 특성상 악기재료의 연구뿐만 아니라 제작자의 의도와 제작기법에 대한 연구가 동시에 진행되어야 한다. 이에 따라 17세기에 제작된 더블베이스를 대상으로 마감층을 연구하였다. 마감층은 표면관찰과 FT-IR, SEM-EDS를 이용한 정성분석을 실시하였고 바탕재인 목재 수종분석을 통해 제작자가 사용한 재료와 제작기법을 확인하였다. 목재 수종은 단풍나무류로 식별되었고 수지의 일종인 곰마라카(Gommalacca)를 주 용매인 알코올로 혼합하여 마감처리를 진행하였다. 이 결과를 바탕으로 마찌니 조반니 파올로(Maggini Giovanni Paolo) 더블베이스 마감층 제작방법을 재현하여 바이올린을 제작하였다.

• 대한설비공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한설비공학회 2006년도 하계학술발표대회 논문집
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• pp.295-300
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• 2006

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the impacts of finishing materials' VVOCs and VOCs emission rates on indoor air quality of Apartment. VOCs emission rate of multi-layer finishing is predicted using the effective diffusion coefficient of each materials, and then the prediction is compared with Mock-up test and sample apartment house. From the results, the prediction of multi-layer finishing using the effective diffusion coefficient show good relation with the measured values.

• 한국염색가공학회지
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.173-184
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• 2022

In this study, the TPU film was laminated on an aramid fabric or circular knits in order to implement an air cushion material that can respond to high impact forces in case of a fall and is easy to expand. To increase the bonding strength between the fabric layer and the film layer, a primer layer was formed in two ways: one for thermally bonding and laminating PET film and two for coating and aging hot melt type PUR adhesive. The tensile strength of the aramid air cushion was 2.5 times higher than that of the circular knits, but the tensile elongation of the aramid air cushion was very low compared to that of the circular knits. The tear strength of the aramid air cushion was about twice or more superior to that of the circular knits, the primer treatment method was good at A, and the peel strength was excellent at method A. The aramid air cushion was the lightest in weight. Summarizing the above results, it was best to combine the air cushion material with aramid woven fabric and primer treatment method A to cope with the high impact force applied when falling.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.375-377
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• 2001

Rectal stricture occurred in 2 finishing pigs submitted for necropsy from Moguchon, the meat processing plant, chonbuk. Grossly, the wall of the rectum was harden and thickened by fibrous tissue. Anteriro to the stricture, the descending colon was dilated up to 30cm in diameter, filled with gas and pasty green fluidal feces. Histologically, the epithelia of rectal mucosa were necrotized. The mucosa and submucosa of rectum were infiltrated by macrophages, eosinophils and lymphocytes. This infiltration was the most extensive in the deeper layer of submucosa and intensive fibrosis was observed in deeper submucosa layer. This case is report for rectal stricture of finishing pig.