• Journal of the Korean Institute of Rural Architecture
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.71-78
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• 2020

Today, the whole world is going through a big chaos due to the COVID-19, but paradoxically, the emergence of COVID-19 has been leading to the need for sustainable development, such as Green New Deal that can improve global warming and carbon emissions, and the need for sustainable architecture is growing bigger and bigger in the architectural field as well. The level of CLT buildings in Korea is at a very rudimentary stage, while CLT buildings remedying existing wooden buildings are getting the spotlight among European countries for sustainable architecture. This study was conducted to categorize structure layer compositions of overseas CLT buildings and analyze architectural techniques and materials applied by collecting and analyzing information about CLT structure layer compositions of overseas CLT building-related institutions, companies and cases. When classifying structure layer compositions of foreign CLT buildings depending on the roles of layers. it was revealed that exterior wall structure layers were combined and organized within a sequence of external finishing, ventilation, waterproof, board, external insulation, airtightness, structure, airtightness, interior insulation, interior finishing, sloped roof structure layers were external finishing, ventilation, waterproof, board, external insulation, airtightness, structure, airtightness, interior insulation, interior finishing, flat roof structure layers were external finishing, ventilation, waterproof, planking wood, external insulation, waterproof, external insulation, airtightness, structure, airtightness, interior insulation, interior finishing.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.334-346
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• 2022

The manufacturing technique was studied through the structure and material characteristics of the walls and the painting layers of the Avalokitesvara Bodhisattva mural of Geungnakjeon Hall, Daewonsa Temple. The mural is painted and connected to the earthen wall and the Junggit, and the wall is composed of wooden laths as a frame, the first and middle layers, the finishing layer, and the painting layer. The first layer, middle layer, and finishing layer constituting the wall were made by mixing weathered soil and sand. It was confirmed that the first layer had a high content of loess below silt, and the finishing layer had a high content of fine-sand and very fine sand. For the painting layer, a ground layer was prepared using soil-based mineral pigments, and lead white, white clay, atacamite, minium, and cinnabar (or vermilion) pigments were used on top of it. The Avalokitesvara Bodhisattva mural was confirmed to belong to a category similar to the soil-made buddhist mural paintings of Joseon Dynasty. However, it shows characteristics such as a high content of fine sand in the finishing layer and overlapping over other colors. Such material and structural characteristics can constitute important information for future mural conservation status diagnoses and conservation treatment plans.

• Proceedings of the SAREK Conference
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• 2006.06a
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• pp.289-294
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• 2006

Interior finishing materials are known as main VOCs and formaldehyde emission sources in residential buildings. The interior finishing materials are usually comprised of several layers with different emission properties, which complicates the emission patterns of the finishing materials. Thus, experiments on composite finishing materials and each of layers are needed to understand the emission characteristics of interior finishing materials. Results indicate that composite finishing materials have the various emission characteristics according to compositions of the materials and kinds of contaminants. Mostly, the emission rates of composite materials are higher than that of the single layer materials. The main reason is assumed to be rapid diffusion of contaminants from the bottom layer material into the top layer material.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.557-568
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• 2018

The manufacturing techniques were studied by investigating a precise analysis on wall structure, features of materials and the painting layer of the bracket mural paintings at Daeungbojeon Hall in Naesosa temple. The wall frame is a single-branch structure, and The mural paintings are composed of 3 layers which are a support layer, a finishing layer and a painting layer. The support layer and the finishing layer are an earth wall that sand and clay such as Quartz, Feldspar, and etc. are mixed. The support and the finishing layers have a combination of medium particle sand and smaller than fine particle sand in the approximate ratios of 0.8:9.2 and 6:4, respectively. Therefore, the aforementioned ratio of sand with medium or large particles is relatively higher in the finishing layer than the support layer. As a result of a precise analysis on the painting layer, it has a relatively thick ground layer for painting which is maximum $456.15{\mu}m$ by using Celadonite or Glauconite and the paintings were colored by using pigments such as Atacamite, Kaolinite or Halloysite, Oxidized steel, and etc. on it. The manufacturing style and the painting techniques of an earth wall are included in the category of the Joseon Dynasty style that have been studied up to now, but the facts that the finishing layer has a high content of sand and a middle layer and chopped straw have not been identified. These are remarkable points in terms of structure and materials, and can be crucial in the evaluation of the state of conservation of mural paintings or preparation of a conservation plan.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.45-54
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• 2022

This study examined the production technique of bracket murals in Daeungjeon Hall, Gaeamsa Temple by conducting a analysis of their wall structure, material characteristics, and painting layers. Wall was a single-branch structure with support layer, middle layer, finishing layer, and painting layer. The support layer, middle layer and finishing layer, were produced by mixing sand (quartz, feldspars etc.), and loess. The ratio of above medium sand to below fine sand was approximately 0.7 : 9.3 in the support layer, 4 : 6 in the middle layer and 6 : 4 in the finishing layer, which had a more percentage of above medium sand than the support layer. The analysis of the painting layer showed that natural soil pigment was used to establish a relatively ground layer of up to 50 ㎛, and pigments such as Lead sulfate, atacamite and mercury sulfide were painted on top of the layer. This study's results confirmed that the bracket mural paintings in Gaeamsa Temple are within the category of the production style of murals during the Joseon period. However, the points that the middle layer was formed several times, the significant difference in particle size distribution between the wall, and the absence of chopped straw in the support layer are a feature of bracket mural paintings in Gaeamsa Temple. These properties of murals as material and structure may be viewed for correlation with the degree of damage to wall structure of mural painting and would serve as an important reference to diagnosis the conservation conditions of murals or prepare conservation treatments.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.143-155
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• 2018

In this study, we investigated the properties and manufacturing methods of soil mural finishing layers fabricated using animal glue, starch adhesive(wheat paste), and Dobak glue. We assessed the workability and weatherproofing properties of the earthen plaster and finishing layers fabricated using concentrations of 3%, 5%, 7% and 10% for each adhesive. The results showed that a mixture using 3% or 5% starch adhesive or 3% Dobak glue was suitable for constructing the finishing layer. For finishing layers made with animal glue, earthen plaster had poor workability. It was dry and easily broken as the concentrations of animal glue increased. However, specimens made with low concentrations of animal glue did not exhibit surface deterioration after a freezing-thawing test. Therefore, animal glue mixtures could possibly be used for constructing finishing layers in concentrations lower than 3%. Mixtures containing starch adhesive produced plasters with good workability. Additionally, starch adhesive enhanced compression strength. However, when starch adhesive was mixed at concentrations above 7%, the surface exhibited roughening and staining in freezing-thawing tests. When Dobak glue was used in mixtures, it enhanced compression strength, but concentrations above 5% produced specimens with surface cracking. For concentrations of 3%, there were no cracks and the specimens were stable after freezing-thawing tests, so concentrations below 3% of Dobak glue are suitable for constructing finishing layers. We expect this study will be useful for restoring the traditional technology of soil mural finishing layers and suggest using adhesives to construct the finishing layer.

• Conservation Science in Museum
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• v.20
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• pp.93-106
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• 2018

The musical instruments displayed in Korean Museums consist of various materials such as wood, stone, metal, leather, and soil. As for instruments manufactured of organic materials, as time passed, they became damaged due to physical, chemical and biological effects. In order to restore these instruments, studies on the materials as well as the manufacturing techniques should be simultaneously conducted because of the characteristics of sound making instruments. In this study, 17th century Double bass were chosen as the model for the restoration study. The type of wood was identified and the finishing layer was analyzed. To investigate the finishing layer, the surface observation was conducted and the component analysis was also conducted by using both FT-IR and SEM-EDS. As a result, the species of wood were identified as the maple trees. In case of the finishing layer of it, the diluted Goma Lacca, a type of resin, with alcohol as the main solvent was covered for varnishing layer. These results were combined to determine the restoration of Double bass Maggini Giovanni Paolo varnishing layer and by this Violin was made.

• Proceedings of the SAREK Conference
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• 2006.06a
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• pp.295-300
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• 2006

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the impacts of finishing materials' VVOCs and VOCs emission rates on indoor air quality of Apartment. VOCs emission rate of multi-layer finishing is predicted using the effective diffusion coefficient of each materials, and then the prediction is compared with Mock-up test and sample apartment house. From the results, the prediction of multi-layer finishing using the effective diffusion coefficient show good relation with the measured values.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.173-184
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• 2022

In this study, the TPU film was laminated on an aramid fabric or circular knits in order to implement an air cushion material that can respond to high impact forces in case of a fall and is easy to expand. To increase the bonding strength between the fabric layer and the film layer, a primer layer was formed in two ways: one for thermally bonding and laminating PET film and two for coating and aging hot melt type PUR adhesive. The tensile strength of the aramid air cushion was 2.5 times higher than that of the circular knits, but the tensile elongation of the aramid air cushion was very low compared to that of the circular knits. The tear strength of the aramid air cushion was about twice or more superior to that of the circular knits, the primer treatment method was good at A, and the peel strength was excellent at method A. The aramid air cushion was the lightest in weight. Summarizing the above results, it was best to combine the air cushion material with aramid woven fabric and primer treatment method A to cope with the high impact force applied when falling.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.375-377
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• 2001

Rectal stricture occurred in 2 finishing pigs submitted for necropsy from Moguchon, the meat processing plant, chonbuk. Grossly, the wall of the rectum was harden and thickened by fibrous tissue. Anteriro to the stricture, the descending colon was dilated up to 30cm in diameter, filled with gas and pasty green fluidal feces. Histologically, the epithelia of rectal mucosa were necrotized. The mucosa and submucosa of rectum were infiltrated by macrophages, eosinophils and lymphocytes. This infiltration was the most extensive in the deeper layer of submucosa and intensive fibrosis was observed in deeper submucosa layer. This case is report for rectal stricture of finishing pig.